Human foot

Human foot

Latin	Pes
Nerve	Dorsal, Plantar nerves
System	Skeletal system, Muscular system

The human foot is a complex anatomical structure integral to locomotion and balance in humans. It consists of the lower part of the leg, providing support and mobility. The foot is a vital component in walking, running, and standing, playing a crucial role in the overall biomechanics of the human body.

Structure

The human foot is made up of bones, joints, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Structurally, it can be divided into three parts: the hindfoot, the midfoot, and the forefoot.

Bones

The foot contains 26 bones, divided into three groups:

• Tarsal bones: Seven bones forming the ankle and the heel, including the calcaneus (heel bone), talus, navicular bone, three cuneiform bones, and the cuboid bone.
• Metatarsal bones: Five long bones extending from the midfoot to the toes.
• Phalanges: Fourteen bones in the toes, with three in each toe except for the big toe, which has two.

Joints and Ligaments

The foot has numerous joints, including the ankle joint, which connects the leg and foot, and various intertarsal joints. Ligaments, such as the plantar fascia, help stabilize the foot and support the arches.

Muscles

Muscles in the foot are categorized into intrinsic and extrinsic groups. The intrinsic muscles, located within the foot, include the interosseous muscles and lumbrical muscles, which help in fine motor control. The extrinsic muscles, found in the lower leg, control movements such as dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.

Function

The primary functions of the foot include:

• Support: Bearing the weight of the body in static postures like standing.
• Balance: Adjusting the body's position to maintain equilibrium.
• Locomotion: Providing leverage and thrust during walking and running.

Clinical significance

Foot health is crucial, and various conditions can affect it, including plantar fasciitis, bunions, and fractures. Proper foot care and footwear are important to prevent and manage these conditions.

See also

• Ankle
• Gait (human)
• Podiatry