Meningeal tuberculosis

Meningeal Tuberculosis is a severe form of tuberculosis that affects the meninges, the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is a type of central nervous system tuberculosis.

Etiology

Meningeal tuberculosis is caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium, which is spread through the air when a person with active tuberculosis of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, or talks. The bacteria can travel through the bloodstream to the meninges, causing an infection.

Symptoms

The symptoms of meningeal tuberculosis can vary, but often include severe headache, neck stiffness, high fever, and sensitivity to light. Other symptoms can include nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status, including confusion or hallucinations.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of meningeal tuberculosis can be challenging. It often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and various tests. These tests can include a lumbar puncture to examine the cerebrospinal fluid, imaging tests such as MRI or CT scan, and tests to detect the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the body.

Treatment

Treatment for meningeal tuberculosis typically involves a long course of antibiotics to kill the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. This is often combined with medications to manage symptoms and reduce inflammation in the meninges.

Prognosis

The prognosis for meningeal tuberculosis can vary widely, depending on factors such as the patient's age, overall health, and the timeliness and effectiveness of treatment. Without treatment, meningeal tuberculosis is often fatal.

Prevention

Prevention of meningeal tuberculosis primarily involves preventing the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This can include measures such as vaccination with the BCG vaccine, prompt treatment of active tuberculosis, and preventive therapy for people at high risk of developing tuberculosis.