Skin melanoma

Skin Melanoma is a type of cancer that develops from the pigment-containing cells known as melanocytes. It is the most serious type of skin cancer due to its ability to spread to other organs more rapidly if not treated at an early stage.

Causes[edit | edit source]

The primary cause of skin melanoma is ultraviolet light (UV) exposure in those with low levels of skin pigment. The UV light may be from either the sun or from other sources, such as tanning devices. About 25% of cases occur from moles. Those with many moles, a history of affected family members, and who have poor immune function are at greater risk. A number of rare genetic defects such as xeroderma pigmentosum also increase risk.

Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis is by biopsy and analysis of any skin lesion that has signs of being potentially cancerous. Using the ABCDE method may help detect skin melanoma at an early stage. Early detection significantly improves prognosis.

Treatment[edit | edit source]

Treatment options for skin melanoma include surgical removal, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, or a combination of these. The choice of treatment depends largely on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and personal preferences.

Prognosis[edit | edit source]

The five-year survival rates in the United States are 99% among those with localized disease, 65% when the disease has spread to lymph nodes, and 25% among those with distant spread. The average age at diagnosis is 63, while the disease is rare in those under 20. In 2015, it occurred in 59,800 people and resulted in 15,000 deaths globally. Australia and New Zealand have the highest rates of melanoma in the world.