Theory of multiple intelligences

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The theory of multiple intelligences is a model of intelligence that differentiates intelligence into various specific (primarily sensory) modalities, rather than seeing it as dominated by a single general ability. The theory was proposed by Howard Gardner in his 1983 book Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.

Overview

Gardner's theory suggests that traditional notions of intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, are too limited. Instead, Gardner proposes eight different intelligences to account for a broader range of human potential in children and adults. These intelligences are:

• Linguistic intelligence – sensitivity to spoken and written language, the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals.
• Logical-mathematical intelligence – capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically.
• Musical intelligence – skill in the performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns.
• Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence – potential of using one's whole body or parts of the body to solve problems or create products.
• Spatial intelligence – potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas.
• Interpersonal intelligence – capacity to understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people.
• Intrapersonal intelligence – capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears, and motivations.
• Naturalistic intelligence – ability to recognize and categorize plants, animals, and other objects in nature.

Development and Impact

Gardner's theory has been influential in the field of education, where it has been used to develop new teaching methods that cater to the different intelligences of students. It has also been applied in business and management to improve teamwork and leadership.

Criticism

The theory of multiple intelligences has faced criticism from some psychologists and educators. Critics argue that the intelligences are better understood as talents or personality traits rather than distinct forms of intelligence. Others question the empirical evidence supporting the theory.

See also

• Emotional intelligence
• Cognitive psychology
• Educational psychology
• Learning styles
• Psychometrics

Further reading

• Gardner, Howard. Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences.