Arboricide

Substance intended to kill trees and shrubs, also called herbicide.

List of herbicides

Herbicide	Common Application	Mode of Action
Amino Acid Inhibitors
Glyphosate
Roundup, Ultra, Rodeo, TouchDown Pro, Accord	Applied primarily to genetically engineered, glyphosate-resistant varieties of soybeans, corn, canola and cotton. Also applied to control woody plants. Because of its broad spectrum and relatively low toxicity to animals, it is used in horticulture and in the control of aquatic macrophytes.	Applied to the foliage and transported with sugars to metabolic sites where they inhibit amino acid production. Effects will manifest in two or more weeks as discoloration of foliage and deformations in new growth.
Imazethapyr
Pursuit	Applied to control weeds in alfalfa, barley, soybeans and wheat.
Thifensulfuron
Beacon, Pinnacle, Harmony	Applied to control weeds in small grains, soybeans and corn and in conifer and hardwood plantations.
Photosynthesis Inhibitors
Atrazine
Aatrex, Atrazine	Applied to crops such as corn, soybeans and sorghum, particularly for conservation tillage.	These broad spectrum herbicides are applied at the soil and carried to the leaves by transpiration. They inhibit photosynthesis.
Cyanazine
Bladex/DuPont
Synthetic Auxin, Growth Regulators
2,4-D	Applied to broad-leafed weeds in corn, small grains, sorghum, pastures and rangeland. Urban use on lawns and grassy rights of way. Also applied for control of broad-leafed trees when planting conifers.	These synthetic growth hormones are applied to the foliage of dicots and transported to meristems causing uncontrolled growth. Effects can be observed as discoloration of foliage and deformations in new growth. They are fast acting: effects on foliage are visible within minutes of application.
Dicamba
Banvel, Clarity, Vanquish, Veteran
Cell Division Inhibitors
Trifluralin
Treflan and others	Applied to control grasses and broadleaf weeds in crops such as beans, peanuts, cotton and tobacco.	These herbicides are applied to the soil to control target vegetation before emergence by inhibiting root growth.
Pendimethalin
Prowl, Pentagon, Pendulum, Stomp
Metolachlor
Dual, Dual Magnum, Pennant Magnum	Applied pre-planting to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds among crops such as corn and soybeans.	This herbicide is applied to the soil to control target vegetation by inhibiting or disrupting cell division in shoots.
Adapted from Ross and Childs (1996) and USDA; commercial names in italics.
Herbicides may cause biological impairments of water bodies if they occur in water or sediment at sufficient concentrations. Most commonly, they enter surface water in runoff or leachate, but, because they have relatively low toxicity to fish and invertebrates (see Table 2). Acute toxicity is likely only when they are deliberately or accidentally applied directly to water bodies.
Table 2. Examples of Herbicide Concentrations Causing Toxic Effects
Herbicide	Taxa	Biological Effect
Glyphosate
	Water flea
Daphnia magna	Acute 48h EC50 is 218 mg/L (ECOTOX)
	Amphipod
Gammarus pseudolimnaeus	Acute 48h EC50 is 42-62 mg/L (ECOTOX)
	Buzzer midge
Chironomus plumosus	Acute 48h EC50 is 55 mg/L technical glyphosate and 13mg/L Roundup® surfactant (Folmar et al. 1979)
	Mayfly
Ephemerella walkeri	Avoided Roundup® at 10 mg/L but not 1.0 mg/L (Folmar et al. 1979)
	Channel catfish
Ictalurus punctatus	Acute 96h LC50 is 130mg/L technical glyphosate and 13mg/L Roundup® surfactant (Folmar et al. 1979)
	Fathead minnow
Pimephales promelas	Acute 96h LC50 is 97mg/L technical glyphosate and 1.0 mg/L Roundup® surfactant (Folmar et al. 1979)
	Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss	More sensitive response to Roundup® at elevated temperatures and at pH as it rises from 6.5 to 7.5, with no increased sensitivity at pH beyond 7.5 (Folmar et al. 1979)
	Bluegill sunfish
Lepomis macrochiru
	American ribbed fluke snail
Pseudosuccinia columella	Continuous exposure across generations produced reproductive effects on the third generation including rapid embryonic development, embryonic abnormalities and increased egg laying (Tate et al. 1997)
Atrazine
	Midge
Labrundinia pilosella	Reduced emergence at 20 ug/L (Dewey 1986)
	Cream and brown microcaddisfly
Oxyethira pallida	Shift in emergence period at 20 ug/L (Dewey 1986)
	Non-predatory insects	Reduced abundance at 20 ug/L (Dewey 1986)
	Stonewort algae
Chara sp.	Resistant to atrazine up to 100 ug/L (Dewey 1986)
	Tiger salamander
Ambystoma tigrinum sp.	Increased larval stage duration, reduced weight and body size (Larson et al. 1998)
	Hydra sp.	48 hr LC50 of 3,000 ug/L (lowest acute value) (U.S. EPA 2003)
	Goldfish
Carassius auratus	96 hr LC50 of 60,000 ug/L (highest acute value) (U.S. EPA 2003)
	Water flea
Ceriodaphnia dubia	Life cycle chronic value of 3,536 ug/L (highest chronic value) (U.S. EPA 2003)
	Brook trout
Salvelinus fontinalis	Life cycle chronic value of 88.32 ug/L (lowest chronic value) (U.S.EPA 2003)

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