Colorectal carcinoma

Colorectal carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine. It is also known as colon cancer, rectal cancer, or bowel cancer. Colorectal carcinoma is the third most common type of cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.

Etiology

The exact cause of colorectal carcinoma is not known. However, several risk factors have been identified. These include age, family history of colorectal cancer or polyps, certain genetic syndromes, a diet high in red and processed meats, obesity, smoking, and heavy alcohol use.

Pathophysiology

Colorectal carcinoma typically begins as a polyp, a small, noncancerous growth on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. Over time, some polyps can become cancerous. The two most common types of polyps are adenomas and hyperplastic polyps. Adenomas can change into cancer, but hyperplastic polyps are generally not pre-cancerous.

Clinical Presentation

Symptoms of colorectal carcinoma can vary widely and may include changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation, rectal bleeding or blood in the stool, persistent abdominal discomfort, a feeling that the bowel does not empty completely, weakness or fatigue, and unexplained weight loss.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of colorectal carcinoma typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies. The gold standard for diagnosis is colonoscopy, during which a doctor can examine the entire colon and rectum and remove polyps for biopsy.

Treatment

Treatment for colorectal carcinoma depends on the stage of the disease, the patient's overall health, and personal preferences. Options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or immunotherapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis for colorectal carcinoma varies widely depending on the stage of the disease at diagnosis. Early-stage cancers have a good prognosis, while advanced cancers that have spread to other parts of the body have a poorer prognosis.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for colorectal carcinoma include regular screening, maintaining a healthy diet and weight, regular physical activity, limiting alcohol consumption, and avoiding tobacco.