Citrus taxonomy

Citrus taxonomy refers to the botanical classification of the species, varieties, cultivars, and graft hybrids within the genus Citrus of the flowering Rutaceae family. The taxonomy of these species is complex and controversial, involving a mix of sexual hybridization, genetic mutation, and human intervention.

Overview

The genus Citrus is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is believed to have originated in the Himalayas. The genus contains several species, including Citrus aurantium (bitter orange), Citrus maxima (pomelo), Citrus medica (citron), and Citrus reticulata (mandarin). These species have been used in the creation of many hybrids and cultivars, including the popular Citrus × limon (lemon) and Citrus × sinensis (sweet orange).

Taxonomy

The taxonomy of Citrus species is complicated by their ability to interbreed and the existence of numerous cultivars and hybrids. The Swingle system, developed by American botanist Walter T. Swingle, is one of the most commonly used systems for citrus taxonomy. It recognizes a small number of pure species and a larger number of hybrids and cultivars.

Species

The four core species of the Citrus genus are:

• Citrus maxima (pomelo)
• Citrus medica (citron)
• Citrus reticulata (mandarin)
• Citrus aurantium (bitter orange)

Hybrids and Cultivars

Many of the common citrus fruits are hybrids of the core species. For example, the sweet orange (Citrus × sinensis) is a hybrid of pomelo and mandarin, while the lemon (Citrus × limon) is a hybrid of citron and either pomelo or sour orange.

Cultivation

Citrus fruits are cultivated in tropical and subtropical climates around the world. They are propagated by grafting to ensure the genetic identity of the new plants.

See also

• List of citrus fruits
• Citrus production
• Citrus diseases