Complementary and alternative medicine

Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) refers to medical products and practices that are not part of standard medical care. Standard medical care is practiced by health professionals who hold an M.D. (medical doctor) or D.O. (doctor of osteopathic medicine) degree, and by their allied health professionals, such as physical therapists, psychologists, and registered nurses. CAM practices are often grouped into broad categories, such as natural products, mind and body medicine, and manipulative and body-based practices.

Overview

While some CAM practices are tested and found to be safe and effective, others have been proven to be ineffective or even harmful. CAM is frequently grouped with traditional medicine in research, educational institutions, and healthcare delivery.

Types of CAM

• Natural Products: This includes a variety of products such as herbs (also known as botanicals), vitamins and minerals, and probiotics. They are widely marketed, readily available to consumers, and often sold as dietary supplements.
• Mind and Body Practices: These practices include a large and diverse group of procedures or techniques administered or taught by a trained practitioner or teacher. For example, acupuncture, yoga, chiropractic and osteopathic manipulation, meditation, and massage therapy.
• Manipulative and Body-Based Practices: This category includes methods that are based on manipulation and/or movement of one or more parts of the body. Examples include chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation, and massage.

Integrative Medicine

Integrative medicine is a total approach to care that involves the patient’s mind, body, and spirit. It combines standard medicine with the CAM practices that have been shown to be safe and effective. This approach often stresses the patient’s preferences, and it attempts to address the mental, physical, and spiritual aspects of health.

Glossary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Terms

• Acupuncture: A practice in traditional Chinese medicine and one of the oldest healing practices in the world, acupuncture aims to restore and maintain health through the stimulation of specific points on the body.
• Aromatherapy: The use of essential oils from plants to support and improve emotional, mental, and physical health.
• Ayurveda: An ancient healing system from India that uses diet, natural therapies, and herbs to treat illnesses.
• Biofeedback: A technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.
• Chiropractic care: A form of alternative medicine that focuses on diagnosis and treatment of mechanical disorders of the musculoskeletal system, especially the spine.
• Homeopathy: A medical system based on the belief that the body can cure itself. Those who practice it use tiny amounts of natural substances, like plants and minerals, to stimulate the healing process.
• Naturopathy: A system of treatment that focuses on supporting health through natural remedies, such as nutrition and lifestyle counseling, herbal medicine, and homeopathy.
• Osteopathy: A type of alternative medicine that emphasizes physical manipulation of muscle tissue and bones.
• Reiki: A form of alternative therapy commonly referred to as energy healing. It emerged in Japan in the late 1800s and involves the transfer of universal energy from the practitioner’s palms to their patient.
• Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): A holistic system of healing that dates back to at least 2,300 years in China, involving practices such as acupuncture, herbal medicine, and tai chi.
• (Un)well - A documentary series that investigates the booming industry of wellness and the effectiveness of alternative health treatments.
• 24 flavors - A concept in traditional Chinese medicine that categorizes herbs and medicinal ingredients based on their flavor profiles and therapeutic properties.
• ALCAT test - A blood test designed to identify individual sensitivities to a wide range of substances, including foods, chemicals, and molds, based on leukocyte cellular reactivity.
• Abhyanga - A form of Ayurvedic massage using warm oil, chosen according to one's dosha (constitution), to nourish the skin, improve circulation, and promote overall well-being.
• Acupuncture - An ancient Chinese practice that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body to balance energy flow and treat various health issues.
• Adrenal fatigue - A term used to describe a condition believed by some alternative medicine practitioners to be caused by chronic stress leading to the underperformance of the adrenal glands.
• Aerotoxic syndrome - A controversial condition alleged to be caused by exposure to contaminated air in the environment of an aircraft.
• Agada - An aspect of Ayurvedic medicine that deals with the identification and treatment of poisons, toxins, and their effects on the body.
• Age management medicine - A branch of medicine focused on slowing the process of aging and extending lifespan through various interventions, including lifestyle changes and hormone therapies.
• Albularyo - A traditional Filipino healer or witch doctor who uses a blend of spirituality, natural remedies, and folk magic to treat ailments.
• Alexander Technique - A method of teaching improved posture and movement to help with problems caused by unhelpful habits of movement and posture.
• Alfredo Bowman - Better known as Dr. Sebi, was a herbalist and self-proclaimed healer who advocated for a specific alkaline diet he claimed could cure various diseases.
• Alkaline diet - A diet based on the idea that certain foods can affect the acidity and pH of bodily fluids, including the blood and urine, and can thus be used to treat or prevent disease.
• Alternative medicine - A term that encompasses a wide range of health care practices, products, and therapies that are not typically part of conventional or mainstream medicine.
• Amy Foxx-Orenstein - A gastroenterologist known for her work in digestive health and contributions to understanding the role of diet and alternative therapies in gastrointestinal conditions.
• Amygdalin - A compound found in the seeds of many fruits and plants, which is controversially promoted in alternative medicine circles as a treatment for cancer, despite a lack of scientific evidence to support its efficacy and safety.
• Andrew Weil - A physician and author known for his advocacy for holistic health and integrative medicine, combining conventional medical treatments with alternative therapies.
• Ann Boyce - A figure associated with alternative health practices, although specifics may vary. The name could refer to individuals involved in health advocacy, research, or practice in fields not recognized by mainstream medicine.
• Anthroposophic medicine - A form of alternative medicine founded by Rudolf Steiner that integrates spiritual concepts with conventional medical practices.
• Anti-vaccine activism - The movement against vaccination, often fueled by discredited theories about vaccine safety and efficacy, posing significant public health risks.
• Apple cider vinegar - A popular home remedy believed to have several health benefits, including weight loss, improved digestion, and blood sugar regulation, though scientific evidence is mixed.
• Applied kinesiology - An alternative medicine technique claiming to diagnose illness or choose treatment by testing muscles for strength and weakness.
• Armenicum - A controversial and unproven treatment promoted for HIV/AIDS, originating from Armenia.
• Aromatherapy - The use of essential oils extracted from plants for therapeutic purposes, aiming to improve physical and emotional well-being.
• Arthur Guirdham - A British psychiatrist known for his work on past life regression and the Cathar theory of reincarnation.
• Auriculotherapy - A form of alternative medicine based on the idea that the ear is a microsystem with the entire body represented on the auricle, the outer portion of the ear.
• Autologous blood therapy - A treatment approach where a patient's own blood is used for therapeutic purposes, including injections to stimulate immune response or treat conditions like allergies.
• Ayuvrutta - An aspect of Ayurveda focusing on maintaining health and wellness through daily routines, diet, and behavior adjustments according to one's unique constitution.
• BDORT - Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, an alternative medicine diagnostic technique developed by Yoshiaki Omura, claiming to measure changes in the body's electromagnetic field.
• BGR-34 - An Ayurvedic herbal formulation marketed as an effective blood glucose regulator, developed by CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) in India.
• Bach flower remedies - A system of alternative medicine involving the use of diluted flower essences believed to treat emotional and psychological conditions.
• Bacopa monnieri - A traditional Ayurvedic herb used to improve memory, reduce anxiety, and treat various ailments.
• Balinese massage - A full-body, deep-tissue, holistic treatment using a combination of gentle stretches, acupressure, reflexology, and aromatherapy to stimulate the flow of blood, oxygen, and qi (energy) around your body.
• Barbara Nath-Wiser - An advocate for integrating traditional herbal remedies with modern medicine, particularly in the context of global health.
• Barbara O'Neill - An Australian naturopath and speaker known for her teachings on natural remedies and nutrition, who has faced criticism and regulatory action for her health advice.
• Basti (Panchakarma) - A form of Ayurvedic detoxification and rejuvenation treatment involving the administration of herbal oils or decoctions into the rectum to cleanse the body of toxins.
• Belleruth Naparstek - A psychotherapist known for her work in guided imagery and its application in healing and stress reduction.
• Bernie S. Siegel - A retired pediatric surgeon and author known for his writings and talks on healing and the patient's capacity to affect their own recovery.
• Bhumka - A traditional healer in some tribal societies, utilizing indigenous knowledge of herbal remedies, chants, and rituals to treat various ailments.
• Biomesotherapy - An alternative therapy combining homotoxicology (detoxification of the body) and acupuncture, involving the injection of saline solution under the skin, followed by the oral administration of homeopathic products.
• Bioresonance therapy - A form of alternative medicine which proposes to diagnose and treat various diseases by measuring the frequency of electromagnetic waves emitted by the body.
• Bismacine - An unapproved treatment involving the chemical bismuth, which has been used by some alternative medicine practitioners to treat Lyme disease, leading to serious health complications.
• Black salve - A controversial topical paste used in alternative medicine to treat skin lesions, which can cause tissue damage and scarring.
• Bowen technique - A gentle, non-invasive form of bodywork that aims to treat musculoskeletal or related neurological problems via specific soft-tissue or fascial release and integration techniques.
• Breathwork (New Age) - A range of breathing practices intended to improve physical or mental well-being, enhance spiritual development, or release emotional trauma.
• Broda Otto Barnes - A physician who proposed that many health problems are caused by inadequate thyroid function, advocating for the use of thyroid hormone supplementation.
• Bôtchô - A cream or ointment originating from West Africa, often used in beauty treatments, but lacking scientific evidence for safety or efficacy.
• Camel urine - Used in some traditional medicine practices, particularly in parts of the Arab world, for its purported health benefits, though it carries risks of disease transmission.
• Canine cancer detection - The practice of training dogs to detect cancer in humans based on the scent of cancerous cells, a method under investigation for its potential in early detection.
• Carctol - A herbal remedy promoted as a treatment for cancer, consisting of a blend of eight herbs, without scientific evidence supporting its efficacy.
• Carmelite Water - A historic herbal remedy created by the Carmelite monks, traditionally used for nervous tension and heart problems, containing lemon balm among other ingredients.
• Ch'ang Ming - A Taoist dietary philosophy from China focusing on eating natural, unprocessed foods to maintain health and balance in the body.
• Charcoal biscuit - Biscuits containing activated charcoal, often marketed for digestive issues such as gas and bloating, based on charcoal's adsorbent properties.
• Chelation therapy - A medical procedure involving the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body, which is also controversially used to treat conditions like cardiovascular disease and autism without proven efficacy.
• Cheongsimhwan - A traditional Korean herbal formula used to treat palpitations, anxiety, and restlessness by purportedly calming the heart and mind.
• Chicken-blood therapy - An unconventional and scientifically unsupported therapy where chicken blood is injected into patients, claimed to treat various conditions.
• Chinese herbology - A practice within Traditional Chinese Medicine that uses a variety of herbs to prevent and treat illness and disease, based on the principles of Yin-Yang and the Five Elements.
• Choosing Wisely - An initiative aimed at promoting conversations between clinicians and patients to avoid unnecessary medical tests, treatments, and procedures.
• Christian Science - A religious movement founded by Mary Baker Eddy, advocating for prayer and spiritual means over conventional medicine for healing.
• Christian de la Huerta - An author and speaker known for his work on personal transformation and the role of spirituality in health and wellness.
• Christiane Northrup - An OB/GYN physician and author who has advocated for holistic health, including some controversial views on vaccination and women's health.
• Chronic Lyme disease - A term used by some practitioners to describe a set of persistent symptoms attributed to past Lyme disease infection, despite the lack of clear diagnostic criteria or evidence-based treatments.
• Churna - A traditional Ayurvedic form of medication, which is a powdered blend of herbs taken orally or used in other forms of application for therapeutic purposes.
• Cinnamon tea - A herbal tea made from cinnamon, believed to have health benefits like blood sugar regulation and anti-inflammatory properties.
• Clark Stanley - Known as the "Rattlesnake King," he was a promoter of a fraudulent snake oil liniment in the early 20th century, exemplifying early examples of quackery.
• Climatotherapy - The use of climate factors, such as sunlight, air, and water, as a therapeutic intervention, often recommended for conditions like psoriasis, arthritis, and respiratory disorders.
• Clinical ecology - A controversial field of medicine that links environmental exposures to a wide range of illnesses, advocating for environmental control as treatment.
• Coding (therapy) - An alternative therapy purported to reprogram the brain's response to various stimuli or traumas, lacking scientific evidence for efficacy.
• Commission E - A German regulatory body that has evaluated the safety and efficacy of hundreds of herbal substances and preparations for medicinal use.
• Conscious breathing - A practice involving intentional control of breathing patterns to improve physical, mental, or spiritual well-being, often incorporated into yoga and meditation.
• Continuum (magazine) - A publication that was known for promoting controversial and disproven theories about HIV/AIDS, contributing to misinformation.
• Correactology - An alternative healing methodology claiming to correct the body's energy flow and balance to treat various ailments, without scientific evidence of effectiveness.
• Corvalol - A sedative and antispasmodic medication popular in Russia and other post-Soviet countries, containing ingredients like phenobarbital and herb extracts.
• Covid-Organics - A herbal concoction promoted by the Malagasy government as a cure for COVID-19, containing Artemisia annua, with insufficient scientific evidence for its efficacy or safety.
• Craniosacral therapy - An alternative treatment based on gentle manipulations of the skull and spine to alleviate various conditions, though its effectiveness is debated.
• Cryotherapy - The use of extreme cold in medical therapy, such as treating skin conditions or reducing muscle soreness, with applications ranging from whole-body cryotherapy to targeted cryo treatments.
• Cupping therapy - An ancient form of alternative medicine where cups are placed on the skin to create suction, believed to stimulate blood flow and heal various conditions.
• DOCARE - An international healthcare organization that focuses on providing medical care and education in underserved areas, often integrating traditional and modern medical practices.
• Daniel Amen - A psychiatrist and brain disorder specialist known for promoting brain imaging in clinical psychiatric practice and for his controversial claims about the ability to treat various mental health issues.
• Dao Yin Yang Sheng Gong - A Chinese system of physical exercises and breathing control related to tai chi and qigong, aimed at enhancing physical and mental health.
• Dhātu (ayurveda) - In Ayurveda, the seven fundamental principles (tissues) that support the body's structure and function, including plasma, blood, muscle, fat, bone, marrow, and reproductive tissue.
• Dinacharya - The Ayurvedic daily routine concept, recommending practices such as waking up early and yoga to align the body with natural rhythms, promoting overall health.
• Discolysis - A minimally invasive procedure for treating herniated intervertebral discs, which involves dissolving disc material to relieve pressure on nerves.
• Disease mongering - The practice of widening the diagnostic boundaries of illnesses to expand the markets for those who sell and deliver treatments, often criticized in the context of pharmaceutical marketing.
• Doctor's Data - A laboratory that provides a range of complex clinical tests, often used by practitioners of alternative medicine to devise personalized treatment plans.
• Dorn method - A form of manual therapy focused on the correction of misalignments in the spinal column and other joints, through dynamic movements and gentle pressure.
• Dosha - In Ayurvedic medicine, one of the three bodily humors (Vata, Pitta, Kapha)
• Dry Needling - A modern physiotherapy technique involving the insertion of thin needles into myofascial trigger points to relieve muscle pain and improve mobility. Despite its similarities to acupuncture, Dry Needling is rooted in Western medicine and is used primarily for musculoskeletal issues.
• Duesberg Hypothesis - A controversial theory proposed by molecular biologist Peter Duesberg, suggesting that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. The hypothesis has been widely discredited by the scientific community, emphasizing the importance of evidence-based treatments for AIDS.
• Ebola Misinformation - The spread of false information regarding the Ebola virus disease, its transmission, treatment, and prevention. Ebola misinformation has significantly hindered public health efforts during outbreaks, demonstrating the need for accurate public health communication.
• Effects of Meditation - Meditation practices have been shown to reduce stress, improve concentration, and enhance overall well-being. Scientific studies support the benefits of various forms of meditation, including Mindfulness Meditation and Transcendental Meditation.
• Elastic Therapeutic Tape - A type of tape used in sports and physical therapy to support muscles and joints, and relieve pain. The tape's elastic properties allow for a range of motion while providing therapeutic benefits, making it a popular choice among athletes and therapists alike.
• Electrohomeopathy - A form of alternative medicine invented in the 19th century by Count Cesare Mattei. The practice, which combines elements of homeopathy with electrical devices, has no scientific basis and is considered a form of Quackery.
• Eli Jones - A prominent figure in the history of American herbalism and homeopathy, known for his work in cancer treatment during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jones's methods focused on individualized care and the use of herbal Medicinal Plants.
• Ellagic Acid - A naturally occurring compound found in various fruits and nuts, believed to have antioxidant and anticancer properties. Research on Ellagic Acid is ongoing, with studies investigating its potential health benefits and role in disease prevention.
• Elvira Bierbach - A notable practitioner and educator in the field of naturopathy and homeopathy in Germany. Bierbach's contributions include authoring influential texts on natural medicine and promoting the integration of Homeopathy and naturopathic treatments.
• Emmenagogue - Substances that are believed to stimulate blood flow in the pelvic area and uterus, leading to menstrual flow. Historically used in traditional medicine to treat menstrual disorders, the efficacy and safety of Emmenagogues vary widely among different herbs.
• Emu Oil - Derived from the fat of the emu bird, emu oil is touted for its anti-inflammatory properties and is used in a variety of cosmetic and medicinal products. Advocates claim benefits for skin conditions, joint pain, and muscle soreness, though scientific evidence is limited.
• Enema - A procedure involving the introduction of liquid into the rectum and colon via the anus. Enemas are used for medical reasons, such as bowel cleansing before a medical examination, and also in alternative medicine for various detoxification procedures.
• Energy Medicine - A branch of alternative medicine based on the belief that the body has energy fields that can be manipulated to improve health and well-being. Techniques include Acupuncture, Energy Work, and biofield therapies, among others.
• Energy Work - A term encompassing various alternative medicine practices that manipulate the energy fields around the body to promote healing. Practices such as Reiki, Qi Gong, and Therapeutic Touch are considered forms of energy work.
• Erlong Zuoci Wan - A traditional Chinese herbal formula used to treat hearing loss and tinnitus. It is one of many formulas used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to address specific health conditions based on the principles of balance and energy flow.
• Estrogen Dominance - A term used in alternative medicine to describe a condition where a person has a perceived imbalance of estrogen to progesterone, often blamed for a variety of health issues. While not recognized in mainstream medicine, treatments for Estrogen Dominance often include lifestyle changes and natural supplements.
• Ethnoveterinary Medicine - The study and application of traditional animal healing methods and folk medicine practices from various cultures. Ethnoveterinary Medicine is gaining interest for its potential to offer sustainable and accessible treatments for livestock, especially in rural areas.
• Faith Healing - A practice where belief and prayer are used to heal illnesses and injuries, often seen in religious contexts. Critics argue that Faith Healing should not replace conventional medical treatment, although it can play a complementary role for some individuals.
• Family Constellations - A therapeutic method developed by Bert Hellinger that explores the impact of family dynamics and ancestral trauma on an individual's life. Practitioners of Family Constellations believe in identifying and healing familial patterns to improve personal wellbeing.
• Family-centered Care - An approach in health care that emphasizes the importance of including the family's perspectives and needs in the treatment plan. Family-centered Care is based on the principle of partnership between patients, families, and healthcare providers.
• Fasting Spittle - An ancient remedy involving the use of one's saliva, collected immediately upon waking, as a healing agent for various ailments, including eye conditions. Despite historical references, Fasting Spittle lacks scientific support and is not recommended in modern medical practice.
• Feldenkrais Method - A form of somatic education that aims to improve movement patterns and physical functioning through gentle exercises and self-awareness. The Feldenkrais Method is used to enhance mobility, reduce pain, and improve overall well-being.
• Fertility Fraud - Unethical practice where fertility doctors use their own sperm to inseminate patients without their consent or knowledge. Cases of Fertility Fraud have raised significant ethical, legal, and emotional issues within the field of reproductive medicine.
• Finley Ellingwood - A notable figure in the early 20th century American herbal medicine and naturopathy. Finley Ellingwood's work includes extensive writings on the therapeutic use of herbs and natural remedies, contributing to the knowledge base of natural healing practices.
• Food Combining - A dietary approach that suggests certain foods should or should not be eaten together to improve digestion and health outcomes. Despite its popularity in some alternative health circles, Food Combining lacks significant scientific evidence to support its claims.
• Forrest Yoga - Developed by Ana T. Forrest, this modern yoga practice is designed to address contemporary physical and emotional stresses and ailments. Forrest Yoga emphasizes deep breathing, strength, integrity, and spirituality.
• Fragmenta de viribus - Refers to early works in the history of pharmacology and medicine, often highlighting the properties and uses of various substances. While not a specific work, it represents the broader historical efforts to document and understand medicinal substances.
• Francesco Racanelli - An individual associated with the field of alternative medicine, though not widely recognized in mainstream sources. The reference may pertain to contributions or practices within a specific niche of alternative health or local tradition.
• Functional Medicine - A systems biology–based approach that aims to identify and address the root causes of disease. Functional Medicine focuses on the uniqueness of the individual, considering genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
• GMO Conspiracy Theories - Unfounded claims that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are responsible for a wide range of health problems and environmental issues. These theories often ignore the scientific consensus on the safety of GMOs.
• Galina Shatalova - A Russian physician known for her natural hygiene and diet-based approach to health and longevity. Dr. Galina Shatalova's philosophy emphasizes minimalism in diet and the healing power of nature.
• Gamat - A traditional medicine from Malaysia, made from sea cucumbers. Gamat products are used to promote wound healing and as anti-inflammatory agents, although scientific studies are limited.
• Gan Mao Ling - A herbal formula used in Traditional Chinese Medicine to prevent and treat common colds and flu. Gan Mao Ling is composed of several herbs known for their antiviral and immune-boosting properties.
• Gemmotherapy - A form of plant-based therapy that uses embryonic tissues from buds and young shoots of trees and shrubs. Gemmotherapy is believed to harness the growth factors of plants for healing purposes, though scientific validation is limited.
• Germ Theory Denialism - The rejection of the germ theory of disease, which posits that microorganisms are the primary cause of many diseases. Despite overwhelming scientific evidence supporting the theory, denialism persists in some alternative health communities.
• Gerovital - An anti-aging treatment developed by Romanian doctor Ana Aslan, claimed to combat aging and improve vitality through procaine-based injections. Scientific consensus does not support the efficacy of Gerovital as an anti-aging treatment.
• Gladys McGarey - Known as the "Mother of Holistic Medicine," Dr. McGarey has been a pioneer in integrating holistic principles into medical practice, including the use of natural therapies and the emphasis on treating the whole person. Her work has influenced the development of holistic health movements across the globe.
• Goji Tea - A herbal tea made from Goji berries, praised for its health benefits such as boosting immune function and preventing aging. The tea is a popular beverage in traditional Chinese medicine and among enthusiasts of natural health products.
• Goji - Small red berries from the plant Lycium barbarum, traditionally used in Chinese medicine. Goji berries are touted for their high nutrient content and potential health benefits, including anti-aging properties, immune support, and vision improvement, although scientific evidence varies.
• Goop (company) - Founded by actress Gwyneth Paltrow, Goop is a wellness and lifestyle brand that has been both praised for its focus on health and wellness and criticized for promoting unproven and expensive health products and therapies.
• Gou pi gao - A traditional Chinese medicated plaster used to relieve pain and inflammation in muscles and joints. The plaster is applied externally and is used in the treatment of conditions such as arthritis, back pain, and sprains.
• Grinberg Method - A bodywork and somatic education technique developed by Avi Grinberg, aimed at increasing awareness of the body and mind to overcome physical and emotional pain. The method involves touch, breathing, and movement exercises.
• Gua sha - A traditional Chinese medical treatment in which the skin is scraped to produce light bruising. Practitioners believe Gua sha releases unhealthy bodily matter from blood stasis within sore, tired, stiff, or injured muscle areas to stimulate new oxygenated blood flow to the areas, thus promoting metabolic cell repair, regeneration, healing, and recovery.
• Guided Imagery - A technique used in complementary medicine and psychotherapy that involves using mental images to help relax and focus the mind. It is often used for stress management, to improve mood, and to enhance overall wellbeing.
• Gulkand - A sweet preserve of rose petals widely used in Ayurveda for its cooling properties. Gulkand is believed to help with digestive issues, reduce stress, and improve skin health among other benefits.
• HGH Controversies - Involves debates over the non-medical use of human growth hormone for anti-aging, bodybuilding, or athletic enhancement. Critics argue about potential health risks and ethical concerns, while some proponents claim benefits in physical performance and appearance.
• Hallwang Clinic - A private oncology clinic in Germany known for offering experimental cancer treatments. The clinic has been both sought after by patients looking for alternative cancer therapies and criticized for its high-cost treatments with unproven efficacy.
• Halotherapy - Also known as salt therapy, involves breathing in air with tiny salt particles to improve respiratory and skin conditions. While popular in alternative health circles, scientific evidence supporting the benefits of Halotherapy is limited.
• Hara (tanden) - In Japanese martial arts and traditional medicine, the hara refers to the area located in the lower abdomen that is considered the center of physical and spiritual strength. Practices such as Qigong and Aikido emphasize the importance of hara for health and energy flow.
• Harald Walach - A researcher known for his work in the fields of spiritual healing, mindfulness, and complementary medicine. Walach's contributions include studies on the efficacy of prayer, meditation, and non-conventional healing practices.
• Haruchika Noguchi - The founder of Noguchi Seitai, a Japanese holistic health practice focusing on the body's natural ability to heal itself. Noguchi's method emphasizes gentle exercises, posture adjustments, and breathing techniques to promote health and wellbeing.
• Harvey Wickes Felter - An early 20th-century physician who co-authored "The Eclectic Materia Medica, Pharmacology and Therapeutics," a key text in the history of eclectic medicine. Felter's work contributed significantly to the knowledge of herbal remedies and natural treatments.
• Health Freedom Movement - Advocates for the right to choose one's own health path, including the use of alternative and complementary therapies without government restriction. The movement emphasizes individual autonomy and opposition to mandatory medical interventions.
• Health Freedom Movement - Advocates for the rights of individuals to make their own health care decisions, including the choice to use alternative medicine. The Health Freedom Movement challenges regulatory actions and policies it perceives as limiting access to natural health products and therapies.
• HeartMath Institute - A research organization that explores the connections between the heart, mind, and emotions, promoting techniques for stress reduction and emotional wellbeing based on heart rate variability and coherence training.
• Henry Harrower - A pioneering figure in the field of endocrinology and founder of the discipline of organotherapy, which involves treating diseases with extracts from animal endocrine glands. Harrower's work laid the groundwork for modern hormone replacement therapies.
• Herbal Medicine - The use of plants and plant extracts for medicinal purposes. Herbal Medicine is one of the oldest forms of health care known to humanity and continues to be widely practiced worldwide, often integrated with modern pharmaceuticals in a complementary manner.
• Holistic Nursing - A nursing practice that heals the whole person, integrating traditional health care with Alternative Medicine to treat the patient's mind, body, and spirit. Holistic Nursing emphasizes the nurse-patient relationship and the use of natural healing methods.
• Honeygar - A mixture of honey and apple cider vinegar touted for its health benefits, including digestion improvement and inflammation reduction. Though popular in folk medicine, scientific evidence supporting the health claims of Honeygar is limited.
• Human Placentophagy - The practice of consuming the placenta after childbirth, believed by some to offer health benefits such as improved mood and increased energy levels. However, scientific research on the safety and effectiveness of Human Placentophagy is scarce.
• Infrared Sauna - A type of sauna that uses infrared lamps to warm the body directly, rather than heating the air. Proponents claim that Infrared Sauna use can detoxify the body and provide various health benefits, though these claims are not universally accepted by the medical community.
• Intravenous Ascorbic Acid - The administration of vitamin C directly into the bloodstream, often claimed to treat and prevent a variety of diseases, including cancer. Despite some supportive anecdotal evidence, comprehensive clinical research on Intravenous Ascorbic Acid is limited.
• Ivanovism - A healing philosophy and practice developed by Russian healer Grigori Ivanov, focusing on spiritual cleanliness and the healing power of nature. Ivanovism emphasizes natural living and the avoidance of modern medical treatments.
• Kambo (drug) - A traditional medicine made from the secretion of the giant leaf frog, used in various indigenous cultures for cleansing and healing purposes. Despite its growing popularity in alternative health circles, Kambo (drug) lacks substantial scientific research to validate its efficacy and safety.
• Kombucha - A fermented tea beverage believed to have originated in East Asia. Kombucha is praised for its supposed health benefits, including digestive support and detoxification, though scientific evidence to back these claims is limited.
• Lacticaseibacillus casei - A species of bacteria used in probiotics, which are believed to have various health benefits, including improving gut health and boosting the immune system. Probiotics containing Lacticaseibacillus casei are found in fermented foods and dietary supplements.
• Leaky Gut Syndrome - A hypothetical, controversial condition believed by some in alternative medicine to be the cause of a wide range of long-term conditions, including chronic fatigue syndrome and autoimmune diseases. Mainstream medicine questions the validity of Leaky Gut Syndrome due to a lack of scientific evidence.
• Levashovism - A form of healing and spiritual practice developed by Russian healer Nicolai Levashov, based on the manipulation of biofields. Despite a following, Levashovism and similar energy-based therapies lack empirical evidence and are not recognized by conventional medicine.
• Live Blood Analysis - An alternative medical practice where a drop of blood is examined under a microscope to diagnose a range of health conditions. Live Blood Analysis is criticized by the medical community for its lack of scientific validity and reliability.
• Low-Level Laser Therapy - A treatment that uses low-intensity lasers or light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to help relieve pain, stimulate and enhance cell function, and improve healing. While Low-Level Laser Therapy is used in various medical applications, its effectiveness varies and is the subject of ongoing research.
• Lymphatic Pump - Techniques used in osteopathic medicine and some forms of alternative therapy to manually stimulate the flow of lymphatic fluid, aiming to improve immune function and overall health. The efficacy of Lymphatic Pump techniques is supported by limited scientific evidence but is valued in holistic and osteopathic practices.
• MMR Vaccine and Autism - A debunked theory that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism. Extensive research has found no link between the MMR Vaccine and Autism, and the original study making this claim has been retracted due to ethical violations and methodological flaws.
• Macrobiotic Diet - A diet based on ideas about balance between yin and yang, focusing on whole grains, vegetables, and beans while avoiding highly processed or refined foods. The Macrobiotic Diet aims to promote health and longevity but should be approached with nutritional balance in mind.
• Mailuoning - A traditional Chinese medicine injection used to treat a variety of conditions, including stroke recovery and inflammation. The use of Mailuoning reflects the integration of modern and traditional practices in Chinese healthcare.
• Medical Uses of Silver - Silver has been used in various medical applications, including as an antimicrobial agent in wound dressings and coatings for medical devices. Despite its historical use, the medical applications of silver are limited by concerns over toxicity and resistance.
• Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) - A program that teaches mindfulness meditation to help people manage stress, anxiety, depression, and pain. Developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction has been widely studied and is considered effective for improving mental health.
• Mind–Body Interventions - Therapies that focus on the interaction between the mind, body, and behavior, with the aim of using the mind to affect physical health. Examples include meditation, yoga, and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction, which are increasingly integrated into holistic health practices.
• Miracle Mineral Supplement (MMS) - A controversial substance marketed as a cure for various diseases, including HIV/AIDS and malaria. Consisting mainly of chlorine dioxide, a potent bleach, Miracle Mineral Supplement has been strongly cautioned against by health authorities due to serious health risks.
• Moxibustion - A traditional Chinese medicine therapy using burning dried mugwort on particular points on the body. It is believed to facilitate healing by stimulating the flow of Qi and strengthening the blood.
• Naftalan Oil - A type of crude oil found in Naftalan, Azerbaijan, known for its purported medicinal properties. Used in balneotherapy, Naftalan Oil is claimed to treat conditions like arthritis and psoriasis, though scientific evidence supporting these claims is limited.
• Natural Standard - A database aimed at providing evidence-based information on complementary and alternative therapies. Natural Standard has been a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare providers, and the public seeking to understand the efficacy and safety of various treatments.
• Negative Air Ionization Therapy - A treatment that uses negative air ions to treat a range of conditions, including seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and chronic depression. The therapy is based on the idea that charged particles can improve mood and reduce stress.
• Neo-Hippocratism - A movement within alternative medicine that seeks to revive and apply the ancient Greek medical philosophy of Hippocrates, focusing on holistic and natural approaches to health and disease prevention.
• Neural Therapy - A form of alternative medicine originating in Germany, involving the injection of local anesthetics into certain locations of the body to treat chronic pain and illness. Neural Therapy is based on the theory that trauma can produce long-standing disturbances in the electrochemical function of tissues.
• Nexavir - A drug once promoted as a treatment for chronic fatigue syndrome and other conditions, but lacking substantial scientific evidence to support its efficacy. Nexavir's use in alternative medicine has been controversial and is not widely accepted in mainstream healthcare.
• Orthomolecular Medicine - A form of alternative medicine that aims to restore the optimum environment of the body by correcting imbalances or deficiencies based on individual biochemistry, using substances natural to the body such as vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and fatty acids.
• Osteopathy - A type of alternative medicine emphasizing physical manipulation of the body's muscle tissue and bones. Practitioners of Osteopathy, or osteopaths, aim to support the body's natural healing abilities through techniques that include stretching, massaging, and moving parts of the body.
• Ozone Therapy - A controversial alternative therapy that involves the introduction of ozone gas into the body to treat various diseases. Proponents claim that Ozone Therapy can deactivate bacteria, viruses, fungi, and cancer cells, but its use is not supported by the scientific community due to potential risks and lack of proven effectiveness.
• PC-SPES - A dietary supplement that was marketed as an alternative cancer treatment, particularly for prostate cancer. PC-SPES was found to contain prescription drugs and was withdrawn from the market due to safety concerns.
• Pangamic Acid - Also known as vitamin B15, a chemical compound that some claim has various health benefits, including detoxifying the body, protecting against pollution, and enhancing athletic performance. However, the existence and benefits of Pangamic Acid as a vitamin are not recognized by the scientific community.
• Pap-Ion Magnetic Inductor (PAP-IMI) - A medical device that was claimed to treat various conditions with pulsed electromagnetic fields. The Pap-Ion Magnetic Inductor has been controversial, with critics pointing to a lack of scientific evidence supporting its efficacy and safety.
• Poly-MVA - A dietary supplement composed of a form of vitamin B12 and other ingredients, which is claimed to support cellular health and treat cancer. However, there is limited scientific evidence to support the efficacy of Poly-MVA in cancer treatment.
• Potion - In the context of alternative medicine, potions are liquid preparations believed to have healing, magical, or toxic properties. Historically, potions were used in various cultures for healing and ritual purposes, but today, their efficacy and safety are viewed skeptically by the scientific community.
• Power Balance - A brand of wristbands that claimed to use holographic technology to improve balance, strength, and flexibility by resonating with the body's energy field. These claims were not supported by scientific evidence, and Power Balance faced legal action for misleading advertising.
• Primary Spine Practitioner - A healthcare professional who specializes in the diagnosis and management of spinal health issues, often incorporating alternative methods such as manual therapy and exercises along with conventional medical treatment.
• Prokarin - A controversial treatment for multiple sclerosis
• Pangamic acid - A substance also known as vitamin B15, claimed to have various health benefits, though not widely recognized in medical science.
• Pap-Ion Magnetic Inductor - A device purported to use magnetic fields to treat various conditions, lacking scientific validation.
• Poly-MVA - A dietary supplement consisting of a form of lipoic acid and minerals, claimed to support cellular health.
• Potion - A liquid with medicinal, magical, or poisonous properties often found in folklore and some alternative medicine practices.
• Power Balance - A brand of bracelets claimed to enhance athletic performance through holographic technology, widely regarded as pseudoscientific.
• Primary spine practitioner - A healthcare professional specializing in the diagnosis and management of spinal disorders.
• Prokarin - A controversial treatment proposed for multiple sclerosis, involving the use of histamine and caffeine.
• Qigong - A traditional Chinese practice combining movement, meditation, and controlled breathing to maintain health and spiritual well-being.
• Quack Miranda warning - A humorous term for the disclaimers on products not scientifically validated, implying they are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
• Quackery - The promotion of fraudulent or ignorant medical practices, often with no scientific basis.
• Quantum healing - A form of alternative medicine that claims to use quantum mechanics principles to heal illness.
• Radionics - A pseudoscientific method of diagnosis and treatment that claims diseases can be treated with a kind of energy similar to radio waves.
• Rasashastra - An ancient branch of Indian medicine that involves the use of mercury, metals, and minerals.
• Regulation of alternative medicine - The policies and laws governing the practice and use of alternative medicine practices.
• Rosen Method Bodywork - A form of body therapy that uses gentle touch and manipulation to relieve physical tension.
• Rubefacient - A substance applied topically to create redness of the skin, with the aim of relieving pain and inflammation.
• Seasilver - A branded liquid supplement claimed to contain a blend of sea vegetables and minerals.
• Seed cycling - An alternative medicine practice involving the rotation of certain seeds into the diet to balance hormones.
• Sekkotsu - A Japanese manual therapy, similar to chiropractic, focusing on adjusting the skeletal system.
• Shiatsu - A form of Japanese bodywork based on concepts in traditional Chinese medicine, including massage with fingers, thumbs, and palms.
• Smallwood Report - A report on the role of complementary and alternative medicine in the UK National Health Service.
• Society for Evidence-Based Gender Medicine - An organization focused on applying evidence-based medicine to the field of gender-related health care.
• Sophrology - A therapeutic method combining Eastern meditation and Western relaxation techniques to achieve physical and mental well-being.
• Spagyric - A form of herbal medicine based on alchemical procedures, involving fermentation, distillation, and extraction of mineral components.
• Stone massage - A therapy that uses hot and sometimes cold stones placed on the body to relieve pain and promote relaxation.
• Strychnos nux-vomica - A tree whose seeds contain strychnine, historically used in homeopathy and traditional medicine.
• Suckers (book) - A book that critically examines the alternative medicine industry and its practices.
• Sungazing - A practice that involves looking directly at the sun at dawn or dusk to receive nourishment or spiritual enlightenment.
• Superstition in India - Various beliefs and practices in India that are considered irrational or unfounded in science.
• Tar water - Water mixed with tar, historically consumed for its supposed medicinal properties.
• Terminology of alternative medicine - The vocabulary and terms used within the field of alternative medicine.
• The Critical Eye - A publication or resource offering skeptical analysis of pseudoscience and alternative medicine.
• Tinnitus retraining therapy - A treatment for tinnitus that aims to retrain the brain to ignore the ringing noise.
• Traditional Chinese medicine - A broad range of medical practices sharing common concepts developed in ancient China, including various forms of herbal medicine, acupuncture, massage (Tui na), exercise (qigong), and dietary therapy.
• Trager approach - A form of somatic education aiming to improve physical mobility and mental clarity through gentle, rhythmic movements.
• Trauma-sensitive yoga - A modification of yoga practices to make them accessible and beneficial to individuals who have experienced trauma.
• Turmeric juice - A drink made from turmeric, believed to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
• Ubhejane - A controversial herbal mixture claimed to treat HIV/AIDS, lacking scientific validation.
• Ulomoides dermestoides - A species of beetle, sometimes used in traditional remedies.
• Urophagia - The practice of consuming urine for purported health benefits, not supported by medical science.
• Vaginal steaming - An alternative health practice involving the steaming of the genital area, claimed to have various health benefits without scientific evidence.
• Vega machine - A device claiming to diagnose and treat various illnesses by measuring electrical properties of the skin, considered pseudoscientific.
• Violet ray - An antique medical appliance used in electrotherapy, now regarded as pseudoscientific.
• Viparita Karani - A yoga pose believed to rejuvenate the body and mind.
• Wellmania - A term or concept reflecting the obsession with wellness and health trends, often without scientific backing.
• William Bates (physician) - An ophthalmologist known for the Bates method, an alternative therapy aimed at improving eyesight.
• Wobenzym - A blend of systemic enzymes claimed to provide health benefits, including inflammation reduction and immune support.
• Yoga as therapy - The use of yoga practices to improve physical and mental health conditions.
• Young blood transfusion - The controversial practice of transfusing blood from younger individuals to older ones with the aim of achieving anti-aging effects.

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