Fetotoxicity

Fetotoxicity
Other names	Fetal toxicity

Fetotoxicity refers to the toxic effects exerted on a fetus due to exposure to toxic substances during pregnancy. This exposure can stem from various sources including medications, environmental pollutants, infections, and lifestyle choices such as alcohol and drug use. Fetotoxic agents can interfere with the development of the fetus, leading to birth defects, developmental delays, or even fetal death.

Causes

Fetotoxicity can be caused by numerous agents and conditions, including:

• Pharmaceutical drugs: Certain medications are known to be fetotoxic and are classified as such in drug safety categories. For example, isotretinoin, used for treating severe acne, is highly fetotoxic and contraindicated during pregnancy.
• Environmental toxins: Exposure to heavy metals (like lead and mercury), pesticides, and certain industrial chemicals can have fetotoxic effects.
• Alcohol: Alcohol consumption during pregnancy can lead to Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), a group of conditions causing physical and mental impairments.
• Recreational drugs: Drugs such as cocaine and methamphetamine are known to be highly fetotoxic.
• Infections: Some infections during pregnancy, like rubella or cytomegalovirus, can also have toxic effects on the fetus.

Mechanisms

The mechanisms of fetotoxicity vary depending on the agent but generally involve disruption of normal cellular processes and developmental pathways. This can include interference with cell division, alteration of gene expression, disruption of nutrient and oxygen supply to the fetus, or direct damage to fetal tissues.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of fetotoxic effects is challenging and often involves a combination of prenatal imaging, such as ultrasound and MRI, and laboratory tests. In some cases, the effects may not be apparent until after birth or later in life.

Prevention

Prevention of fetotoxicity primarily involves avoiding known fetotoxic agents during pregnancy. This includes:

• Adhering to guidelines regarding the use of medications during pregnancy.
• Avoiding exposure to environmental toxins by staying away from polluted areas and using protective measures if exposure is unavoidable.
• Abstaining from alcohol and recreational drugs during pregnancy.
• Ensuring proper vaccination and taking precautions to avoid infections.

Treatment

Treatment for fetotoxicity focuses on managing the symptoms and conditions resulting from exposure. This may involve a range of therapeutic strategies depending on the specific defects or developmental issues caused by the fetotoxic agent.

See also

• Teratology
• Developmental toxicity
• Pregnancy