Parathyroid chief cell

Parathyroid chief cell

Parathyroid chief cells, also known as principal cells, are the predominant cell type found in the parathyroid glands. These cells play a crucial role in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood through the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH).

Structure

Parathyroid chief cells are small, polygonal cells with a centrally located nucleus. They are characterized by their pale-staining cytoplasm when viewed under a microscope. The cells are arranged in clusters or cords within the parathyroid glands, which are typically located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

Function

The primary function of parathyroid chief cells is to produce and secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH is a critical hormone in the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism. It acts to increase blood calcium levels by stimulating:

• The release of calcium from bone through the activation of osteoclasts.
• The reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys.
• The activation of vitamin D in the kidneys, which in turn increases calcium absorption from the intestines.

Regulation

The activity of parathyroid chief cells is regulated by the levels of calcium in the blood. Low blood calcium levels stimulate the secretion of PTH, while high blood calcium levels inhibit its release. This feedback mechanism ensures the maintenance of stable calcium concentrations in the body.

Clinical Significance

Disorders of the parathyroid chief cells can lead to various medical conditions. Overactivity of these cells can result in hyperparathyroidism, characterized by excessive production of PTH and elevated blood calcium levels. Conversely, underactivity can lead to hypoparathyroidism, resulting in low levels of PTH and decreased blood calcium levels.

See Also

• Parathyroid gland
• Parathyroid hormone
• Calcium metabolism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Hypoparathyroidism