Teratogenesis

Teratogenesis is the process of abnormal development in embryos, leading to physical malformations or functional defects. This process can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to harmful substances, or diseases during pregnancy. Teratogenesis can result in a wide range of birth defects, from minor physical abnormalities to severe, life-threatening conditions.

Causes

Teratogenesis can be caused by a variety of factors, including:

• Genetic mutations: These can occur spontaneously or be inherited from parents. Genetic mutations can affect the normal development of the embryo, leading to physical or functional abnormalities.

• Environmental factors: Exposure to harmful substances, such as certain drugs, alcohol, or radiation, during pregnancy can interfere with normal embryonic development and cause birth defects.

• Infections: Certain diseases, such as rubella or toxoplasmosis, can cause teratogenesis if the mother is infected during pregnancy.

Effects

The effects of teratogenesis can vary widely, depending on the cause and the stage of development at which the embryo is affected. Some possible effects include:

• Physical abnormalities: These can include a wide range of defects, such as cleft lip or palate, heart defects, or limb abnormalities.

• Functional defects: These can include problems with organ function, such as heart or kidney disease, or neurological disorders, such as intellectual disability or autism.

• Birth defects: These are physical or functional abnormalities that are present at birth. They can range from minor to severe, and can affect almost any part of the body.

Prevention

Prevention of teratogenesis involves avoiding known risk factors, such as certain drugs or infections, during pregnancy. Genetic counseling can also be helpful for couples with a family history of genetic disorders.

See also

• Embryogenesis
• Birth defect
• Genetic disorder
• Prenatal diagnosis

Teratogenesis Resources
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