Hyperkeratosis

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Hyperkeratosis
File:Prominent hyperkeratosis.jpg
Synonyms
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Thickening of the stratum corneum, callus, corns
Complications	Skin cancer (rare)
Onset	Varies depending on cause
Duration	Chronic
Types	N/A
Causes	Chronic pressure, friction, genetic disorders
Risks	Occupational hazards, genetic predisposition
Diagnosis	Clinical examination, biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Psoriasis, eczema, lichen planus
Prevention	Avoidance of pressure and friction, use of protective footwear
Treatment	Keratolytic agents, moisturizers, retinoids
Medication	Salicylic acid, urea, tretinoin
Prognosis	Good with treatment
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Hyperkeratosis (HY-per-KAYR-uh-TOH-sis) is a skin condition characterized by an abnormal thickening of the skin's outer layer, predominantly composed of the protein keratin. This thickening can arise due to various reasons including habitual wear and tear, chronic inflammatory conditions, or underlying genetic disorders.

File:Histopathology of reactive hyperkeratosis.jpg

Histopathology of reactive hyperkeratosis

Causes

The primary cause of hyperkeratosis is the excessive accumulation of keratin on the skin's surface. This accumulation can be attributed to:

• Normal wear and tear, leading to the formation of corns and calluses.
• Chronic inflammatory conditions such as eczema.
• Genetic disorders, which affect keratin production or shedding.

File:Prominent hyperkeratosis (original).jpg

Prominent hyperkeratosis (original)

Types of Hyperkeratosis

Various types of hyperkeratosis arise depending on the root cause:

• Corns and Calluses: These are thickened patches of skin that develop in response to repeated friction or pressure. While corns typically form on the toes, calluses can form on hands, feet, or any part of the skin subjected to regular friction.
• Eczema-induced Hyperkeratosis: Eczema, or atopic dermatitis, is an inflammatory skin condition. Chronic eczema can lead to the thickening of the skin as a protective response.
• Genetic Hyperkeratosis: Some genetic conditions can lead to hyperkeratosis. Examples include:
  • X-linked ichthyosis: A condition caused by mutations in the STS gene leading to dry, scaly skin.
  • ichthyosis vulgaris: This is the most common form of ichthyosis, leading to dry, scaly skin due to a genetic mutation affecting skin cell turnover.

See also

• Keratin
• Dermatology
• Skin disorders