Relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis

Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Episodes of neurological symptoms, followed by periods of remission
Complications	N/A
Onset	Typically between ages 20 and 40
Duration	Lifelong
Types	N/A
Causes	Unknown, autoimmune
Risks	Genetic predisposition, environmental factors
Diagnosis	MRI, Lumbar puncture, Evoked potentials
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Disease-modifying therapies, Corticosteroids, Physical therapy
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Variable, can progress to secondary progressive MS
Frequency	Most common form of Multiple sclerosis
Deaths	N/A

Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) is the most common form of multiple sclerosis (MS), characterized by clearly defined attacks of new or increasing neurological symptoms. These attacks, also known as relapses or exacerbations, are followed by periods of partial or complete recovery (remissions).

Pathophysiology

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks the myelin sheath, a protective covering that surrounds the nerve fibers in the central nervous system (CNS). In RRMS, this demyelination process leads to the formation of lesions or plaques in the brain and spinal cord. The exact cause of MS is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Symptoms

The symptoms of RRMS can vary widely among individuals and depend on the location of the lesions in the CNS. Common symptoms include:

• Fatigue
• Numbness or tingling in the limbs
• Muscle weakness
• Vision problems, such as optic neuritis
• Dizziness and balance problems
• Bladder and bowel dysfunction
• Cognitive impairment

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of RRMS is based on clinical evaluation, supported by diagnostic tests. The most common tests include:

• MRI: Used to detect lesions in the CNS.
• Lumbar puncture: Analyzes the cerebrospinal fluid for the presence of oligoclonal bands.
• Evoked potentials: Measures the electrical activity of the brain in response to stimuli.

Treatment

There is no cure for RRMS, but several treatments can help manage the disease and reduce the frequency and severity of relapses. These include:

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): Medications such as interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, and natalizumab are used to slow the progression of the disease.
• Corticosteroids: Used to reduce inflammation and shorten the duration of relapses.
• Physical therapy: Helps maintain mobility and manage symptoms.
• Symptomatic treatments: Medications and therapies to manage specific symptoms such as spasticity, pain, and depression.

Prognosis

The course of RRMS is unpredictable and varies greatly among individuals. Some people may experience frequent relapses and significant disability, while others may have long periods of remission with minimal symptoms. Over time, many individuals with RRMS may transition to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS), where the disease progresses more steadily with or without relapses.

Epidemiology

RRMS is the most common form of MS, accounting for approximately 85% of initial MS diagnoses. It typically presents in young adults, with a higher prevalence in women than men. The onset is usually between the ages of 20 and 40.

See also

• Multiple sclerosis
• Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis
• Primary progressive multiple sclerosis

Classification
External resources