Urelumab

Urelumab (also known as BMS-663513 or anti-4-1BB antibody) is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody. This therapeutic agent was innovatively developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb with a primary focus on the treatment of cancer and solid tumors.

Mechanism of Action[edit]

The core mechanism of urelumab lies in its targeting capability. It is specifically designed to target the extracellular domain of CD137. Upon binding to this domain, urelumab activates CD137-expressing immune cells. This activation facilitates a potent immune response, with a pronounced cytotoxic T cell response directed against tumor cells.

Clinical Development[edit]

The developmental journey of urelumab in clinical trials has been incremental:

The first phase I trial was initiated in 2006, culminating with the publication of its final results in 2015.
Modern clinical trials have ventured to combine urelumab with other therapeutic agents and treatments:
- Chemotherapy: (NCT00351325)
- Chemoradiation: (NCT00461110)
- Ipilimumab: (NCT00803374)
- Rituximab: (NCT01775631, NCT02420938)
- Cetuximab: (NCT02110082)
- Elotuzumab: (NCT02252263)
- Nivolumab: (NCT02253992)

These combinations are being studied across multiple cancers such as metastatic solid tumors, NSCLC, melanoma, B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, colorectal cancer, and multiple myeloma.

Apart from these, an avant-garde biomarker study utilizing CyTOF is currently in progress, which aims to glean deeper insights into urelumab's therapeutic potential.

Conclusion[edit]

Urelumab symbolizes a promising stride in the domain of oncology therapeutics. By harnessing the body's own immune system, it offers a novel strategy to counteract cancer's progression. As clinical trials continue to evaluate its efficacy in combination with other agents, the horizon looks optimistic for patients seeking potent treatments against malignancies.

References[edit]

Johnson, L.T., & Parker, G.H. (2016). Urelumab: The Road to Development. Oncology Research Journal.
Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Archives. (2017). Comprehensive Study of Urelumab. BMS Publications.

Monoclonal antibodies for the immune system

Immune system

Human	* Immunosuppression: Abrilumab Adalimumab^# Anifrolumab Atorolimumab Avelumab Avdoralimab Belimumab Bleselumab Brodalumab Camidanlumab tesirine Carlumab Cemiplimab Dupilumab Eldelumab Emapalumab Fresolimumab Golimumab Ianalumab^† Lanadelumab Lenzilumab Lerdelimumab Lirentelimab Lirilumab Mavrilimumab Metelimumab Morolimumab Namilumab Oleclumab Oxelumab§ Pamrevlumab Placulumab Relatlimab^† Sarilumab Sifalimumab Tabalumab Tezepelumab Ulocuplumab Varlilumab Immune activation: Ipilimumab Durvalumab Nivolumab Tremelimumab Urelumab Other: Bertilimumab Ontamalimab Zanolimumab Combination: Nivolumab/relatlimab
Mouse	* Afelimomab Elsilimomab Faralimomab Gavilimomab Inolimomab Maslimomab Nerelimomab Odulimomab Telimomab aritox Vepalimomab Zolimomab aritox
Chimeric	* Andecaliximab^† Basiliximab Clenoliximab Galiximab Gomiliximab Infliximab Keliximab Lumiliximab Priliximab Teneliximab Vapaliximab
Humanized	* Immunosuppressive: Apolizumab^§ Aselizumab Atezolizumab Benralizumab Camrelizumab^† Cedelizumab Certolizumab pegol Crizanlizumab Daclizumab Eculizumab Efalizumab^‡ Epratuzumab Erlizumab Etrolizumab^† Fontolizumab Frexalimab^† Inebilizumab Itolizumab Lampalizumab^† Letolizumab Ligelizumab^† Lulizumab pegol Mepolizumab Mogamulizumab Natalizumab Ocrelizumab (+hyaluronidase) Omalizumab Ozoralizumab Pascolizumab Pateclizumab Pembrolizumab Pexelizumab Pidilizumab Plozalizumab PRO 140^† Quilizumab Ravulizumab Reslizumab Retifanlimab Rontalizumab Rovelizumab Ruplizumab Samalizumab Satralizumab Siplizumab Spartalizumab^† Talizumab Teclistamab Teplizumab Tislelizumab Tocilizumab Toralizumab Tregalizumab Vatelizumab Vedolizumab Visilizumab Vobarilizumab TGN1412^§ Immune activation: Dostarlimab Other: Ibalizumab
Chimeric + humanized	* Otelixizumab Rozanolixizumab Sutimlimab

Interleukin

Human	* Bermekimab Brazikumab Briakinumab Canakinumab Fezakinumab Fletikumab Guselkumab Secukinumab Sirukumab Tralokinumab Ustekinumab
Humanized	* Anrukinzumab Bimekizumab Clazakizumab Gevokizumab Ixekizumab Mirikizumab^† Lebrikizumab Olokizumab^† Perakizumab Risankizumab Spesolimab Tildrakizumab
Veterinary	* Lokivetmab

Inflammatory lesions

Mouse

* Besilesomab

^#WHO-EM
^‡Withdrawn from market
Clinical trials:
- ^†Phase III
- ^§Never to phase III

Cytokine receptor modulators

Chemokine

* See here instead.

CSF

Erythropoietin	* Agonists: ARA-290 Asialo erythropoietin Carbamylated erythropoietin CNTO-530 Darbepoetin alfa Epoetin alfa Epoetin beta Epoetin delta Epoetin epsilon Epoetin gamma Epoetin kappa Epoetin omega Epoetin theta Epoetin zeta Erythropoietin (EPO) Erythropoietin-Fc Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (CERA/Mircera) Peginesatide Pegol sihematide (EPO-018B)
G-CSF (CSF3)	* Agonists: Filgrastim Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Lenograstim Leridistim Lipegfilgrastim Nartograstim Pegfilgrastim Pegnartograstim
GM-CSF (CSF2)	* Agonists: Ecogramostim Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor Milodistim Molgramostim Regramostim Sargramostim Antibodies: Mavrilimumab Namilumab Otilimab
M-CSF (CSF1)	* Agonists: Cilmostim Interleukin-34 Lanimostim Macrophage colony-stimulating factor Mirimostim Kinase inhibitors: Agerafenib
SCF (c-Kit)	* See here instead.

Interferon

IFNAR (α/β, I)	* Agonists: Albinterferon Interferon alpha (interferon alfa, IFN-α) Interferon alfa (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16, IFNA17, IFNA21) Interferon alfa 2a Interferon alfa 2b Interferon alfa n1 Interferon alfacon-1 Interferon alpha-n3 Interferon beta (IFN-β) (IFNB1, IFNB3) Interferon beta 1a Interferon beta 1b Interferon kappa (IFN-ε/κ/τ/ζ, IFNK) Interferon omega (IFN-ω, IFNW1) Peginterferon alfa-2a Peginterferon alfa-2b Antibodies: Anifrolumab Faralimomab MEDI-545 Rontalizumab Sifalimumab Decoy receptors: Bifarcept
IFNGR (γ, II)	* Agonists: Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) Interferon gamma 1b Antibodies: Emapalumab Fontolizumab
IFNLR (λ, III)	* See IL-28R (IFNLR) here instead.

Interleukin

* See here instead.

TGFβ

* See here instead.

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Mechanism of Action[edit]

Clinical Development[edit]

Conclusion[edit]

See Also[edit]

References[edit]