Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. Most prostate cancers are slow growing; however, some grow relatively quickly. The cancer cells may spread from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, problems during sexual intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms can potentially develop during later stages of the disease.

Causes

While the exact cause of prostate cancer is unclear, risk factors include older age, a family history of the disease, and race. About 99% of cases occur in those over the age of 50. Having a first-degree relative with the disease increases the risk two to threefold. In the United States, it is more common in the African American population than the White American population. Other factors that may be involved include a diet high in processed and red meats. An association with gonorrhea has been found, but a reason for this relationship has not been identified.

Diagnosis

Prostate cancer is diagnosed by a physician using a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and medical imaging. The disease is often discovered during a routine checkup, often by a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A biopsy, in which a small sample of prostate tissue is examined under a microscope, is the only definitive way to diagnose prostate cancer.

Treatment

Treatment options for prostate cancer with intent to cure are primarily surgery and radiation therapy. Other treatments, such as hormonal therapy, chemotherapy, proton therapy, cryosurgery, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) and watchful waiting, may be used in other circumstances.

Prognosis

The prognosis for prostate cancer varies widely, and depends on many factors, including the age and health of the patient, the stage of the tumor, the type of treatment used and the aggressiveness of the cancer.

See also

• Cancer
• Prostate
• Radiation therapy
• Chemotherapy

Prostate Cancer Resources
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