Grape sugar

Grape phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae) is a pest of commercial grapevines worldwide, originally native to eastern North America. These tiny, yellowish-green insects are almost microscopic, and they feed on the roots and leaves of grapevines. The insects are related to aphids and produce galls on the roots and leaves of grapevines.

History

Grape phylloxera was first identified in the mid-19th century in France, where it destroyed a large portion of the French wine industry. The pest was accidentally introduced to Europe from North America, and it spread rapidly throughout the continent. The solution to the phylloxera crisis was found in the use of resistant American vine rootstocks, onto which the susceptible Vitis vinifera could be grafted.

Life cycle

The life cycle of grape phylloxera is complex and includes both sexual and asexual reproduction. The insects overwinter as eggs laid in the bark of the vine. In the spring, the eggs hatch into nymphs, which feed on the roots of the vine. The nymphs mature into adults, which lay eggs that hatch into winged forms. These winged forms fly to other vines and start new colonies.

Impact on viticulture

The impact of grape phylloxera on viticulture has been profound. The pest has caused significant economic losses in regions where it has become established. In addition to the direct damage caused by feeding, the insects can also transmit grapevine diseases. The use of resistant rootstocks has been the primary method of control, but other methods, such as the use of insecticides and biological control agents, are also used.

See also

• History of French wine
• Viticulture
• Pest (organism)

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