Anti-inflammatory agents

Anti-inflammatory agents are substances that reduce inflammation, a biological response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. Inflammation is a protective response involving immune cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators. The primary purpose of inflammation is to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged from the original insult and the inflammatory process, and to initiate tissue repair.

Types of Anti-inflammatory Agents

Anti-inflammatory agents can be broadly classified into two categories: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids.

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs are a class of drugs that provide anti-inflammatory, analgesic (pain-reducing), and antipyretic (fever-reducing) effects. Common NSAIDs include:

• Aspirin
• Ibuprofen
• Naproxen
• Celecoxib

NSAIDs work by inhibiting the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX), which is involved in the synthesis of prostaglandins, compounds that mediate inflammation, pain, and fever.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex and used as anti-inflammatory agents. They are more potent than NSAIDs and are used in conditions where inflammation is severe. Common corticosteroids include:

• Prednisone
• Dexamethasone
• Hydrocortisone

Corticosteroids work by inhibiting multiple inflammatory pathways, including the suppression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators.

Mechanism of Action

Anti-inflammatory agents work by targeting various components of the inflammatory process. NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzymes, reducing the production of prostaglandins. Corticosteroids, on the other hand, inhibit the expression of genes involved in the inflammatory response, reducing the production of inflammatory proteins.

Uses

Anti-inflammatory agents are used to treat a variety of conditions, including:

• Arthritis
• Asthma
• Allergic reactions
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Autoimmune diseases

Side Effects

While anti-inflammatory agents are effective in reducing inflammation, they can have side effects. NSAIDs can cause gastrointestinal issues, such as gastritis and peptic ulcers, and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Corticosteroids can cause osteoporosis, hypertension, and hyperglycemia.

Related Pages

• Inflammation
• Immune system
• Prostaglandin
• Cyclooxygenase
• Cytokine
• Arthritis
• Asthma
• Autoimmune disease