Sexually transmissible infection

Sexually Transmissible Infection

A sexually transmissible infection (STI), also known as a sexually transmitted disease (STD), is an infection that is primarily spread through sexual contact. STIs can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites and can affect various parts of the body, including the genitals, mouth, and throat.

Types of STIs

STIs can be classified into different types based on the causative agents:

Bacterial STIs

• Chlamydia: Caused by the bacterium *Chlamydia trachomatis*, it is one of the most common STIs and can lead to serious reproductive complications if untreated.
• Gonorrhea: Caused by *Neisseria gonorrhoeae*, it can infect the genitals, rectum, and throat.
• Syphilis: Caused by *Treponema pallidum*, it progresses through distinct stages and can cause long-term complications if not treated.

Viral STIs

• Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): This virus attacks the immune system and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
• Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV): Causes genital herpes, characterized by painful blisters and sores.
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV): The most common STI, it can cause genital warts and is associated with cervical cancer.
• Hepatitis B: Affects the liver and can be transmitted sexually.

Parasitic STIs

• Trichomoniasis: Caused by the protozoan *Trichomonas vaginalis*, it is a common STI that can cause symptoms in both men and women.
• Pubic Lice: Also known as "crabs," these are tiny insects that infest the hair in the genital area.

Transmission

STIs are primarily spread through sexual activities, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Some STIs can also be transmitted through non-sexual means, such as blood transfusions or shared needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.

Symptoms

Symptoms of STIs vary depending on the infection but may include:

• Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
• Pain during urination
• Sores or warts on the genital area
• Itching or irritation
• Pain during intercourse
• Fever and flu-like symptoms

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of STIs typically involves:

• Physical examination
• Laboratory tests, such as blood tests, urine tests, or swabs of affected areas

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type of STI:

• Bacterial STIs: Usually treated with antibiotics.
• Viral STIs: Antiviral medications can manage symptoms and reduce transmission risk, but many viral STIs are not curable.
• Parasitic STIs: Treated with specific medications to eliminate the parasites.

Prevention

Preventive measures include:

• Using condoms consistently and correctly
• Limiting the number of sexual partners
• Regular STI screenings
• Vaccinations, such as the HPV vaccine

Also see

• Condom
• Safe sex
• HIV/AIDS
• Public health