Basal cells

Basal cells are a type of cell found at the bottom layer of the epidermis in the skin. These cells play a crucial role in skin health, continually dividing and pushing up older cells to refresh and replenish the skin's surface.

High-magnification micrograph of basal-cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Low-level aggressive basal-cell carcinoma

Histopathology of a pigmented basal-cell carcinoma

Structure and Location

Basal cells are columnar or cuboidal in shape and are located in the basal layer, also known as the stratum basale, of the epidermis. This layer is the deepest part of the epidermis, directly above the dermis. Basal cells are in contact with the basement membrane, a thin layer that separates the epidermis from the underlying connective tissue.

Function

The primary function of basal cells is to produce new skin cells. As these cells divide, new cells are pushed upwards to the skin's surface, replacing cells that are shed from the outermost layer of the epidermis. This process of cell regeneration helps in:

• Maintaining skin elasticity and vitality.
• Aiding in wound healing by closing gaps caused by minor injuries.
• Offering protection against external factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, pathogens, and physical injuries.

Additionally, basal cells are instrumental in the formation of keratinocytes, the primary cell type in the epidermis, which produces keratin, a protein that gives the skin its protective properties.

Associated Conditions

• Basal cell carcinoma (BCC): A common type of skin cancer that originates from basal cells. BCC usually appears as a painless raised area of skin, which may be shiny with small blood vessels running over it or may present as a raised border with a central crater. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light, especially from the sun, is a significant risk factor.

• Basal cell nevus syndrome: A rare genetic condition leading to an increased risk of developing multiple BCCs.

See Also

• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Skin cancer
• Keratinocyte

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