Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually Transmitted Infections
ICD-10	A50 , A53
ICD-9
DiseasesDB
MedlinePlus
eMedicine
MeSH ID

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs), also commonly referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or venereal diseases (VD), are infections that are primarily spread by sexual contact. They can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites.

Types and Symptoms

STIs can vary in terms of severity and symptoms, which can include sores, unusual discharge from the genitalia, itching, and burning during urination. Common STIs include:

• Chlamydia – Often symptomless, it can cause discharge and painful urination.
• Gonorrhea – Symptoms include discharge and painful urination. It can lead to infertility if untreated.
• Syphilis – Presents in stages; early symptoms include sores, later stages can cause serious health complications.
• HIV/AIDS – A virus that attacks the immune system and can lead to severe immune deficiency.
• Genital herpes – Causes painful blisters and ulcers around the genitals.
• HPV – Certain strains can cause genital warts, while others can lead to cancers such as cervical cancer.

Transmission

Transmission of STIs can occur through various forms of sexual activity including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. Some STIs, like HIV and syphilis, can also be transmitted from mother to child during childbirth or through shared needles.

Prevention

Prevention methods include the use of condoms, regular testing, and, in the case of diseases like HPV and hepatitis, vaccination. Abstinence from sexual activity is the only sure way to prevent STIs.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for preventing long-term health issues. Diagnosis typically involves medical history, physical examination, and tests such as swabs or blood tests. Treatment depends on the specific infection and may include antibiotics or antiviral medications.

Epidemiology

STIs remain a major public health challenge globally, affecting millions of people each year. Young people, particularly those in marginalized communities, are at higher risk.

Social and Cultural Implications

STIs are associated with significant social stigma, which can affect mental health and deter individuals from seeking diagnosis and treatment. Education and open communication are critical for reducing stigma and improving public health outcomes.