Basal cell epithelioma

Basal cell epithelioma, also known as Basal cell carcinoma, is a type of skin cancer that originates from the basal cells in the skin. It is the most common type of skin cancer and accounts for more than 80% of all skin cancers in the United States.

Etiology

The primary cause of basal cell epithelioma is prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, either from the sun or from artificial sources such as tanning beds. Other risk factors include having a fair complexion, a history of sunburns, a family history of skin cancer, and a weakened immune system.

Pathophysiology

Basal cell epithelioma develops in the basal cells, which are located in the bottom layer of the epidermis. These cells divide and push older cells toward the surface of the skin, where they die and are sloughed off. When DNA damage occurs in these cells and is not repaired, it can lead to uncontrolled cell growth and the formation of a cancerous tumor.

Clinical Presentation

Basal cell epithelioma typically presents as a small, shiny bump or nodule on the skin, often on sun-exposed areas such as the face and neck. The tumor may appear pearly or waxy, and may bleed or develop a crust. In some cases, the tumor may resemble a non-healing sore or scar.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of basal cell epithelioma is typically made through a biopsy, in which a small sample of the suspicious skin lesion is removed and examined under a microscope. Other diagnostic tests may include a skin examination and a review of the patient's medical history.

Treatment

Treatment options for basal cell epithelioma depend on the size, location, and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient's overall health. Options may include surgical removal of the tumor, radiation therapy, topical treatments, and in some cases, systemic therapy with medications such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy.

Prognosis

The prognosis for basal cell epithelioma is generally good, as this type of cancer is slow-growing and rarely spreads to other parts of the body. However, if left untreated, it can cause significant disfigurement and damage to surrounding tissues.

Prevention

Prevention strategies for basal cell epithelioma include protecting the skin from the sun, avoiding tanning beds, and regular skin checks to detect early signs of skin cancer.

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