Rhinitis

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Rhinitis
Synonyms	Nasal inflammation
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, itchy nose
Complications	Sinusitis, ear infection, asthma
Onset	Any age
Duration	Varies (acute or chronic)
Types	Allergic rhinitis, non-allergic rhinitis
Causes	Allergens, irritants, infections
Risks	Family history, environmental factors
Diagnosis	Medical history, physical examination, allergy testing
Differential diagnosis	Common cold, sinusitis, nasal polyps
Prevention	Avoidance of triggers, allergen immunotherapy
Treatment	Antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, decongestants
Medication	Loratadine, fluticasone, pseudoephedrine
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Very common
Deaths	Rare

Rhinitis refers to the inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane, the delicate tissue lining the inside of the nasal passages. This condition manifests through a variety of symptoms, including sneezing, a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sometimes discomfort or pain in the nasal region. Rhinitis is frequently caused by airborne allergens and is then referred to as allergic rhinitis or, colloquially, hay fever.

Depiction of a person suffering from Allergic Rhinitis

Etiology and Types

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, the most common form of rhinitis, is an allergic reaction to airborne substances such as pollen, dust mites, and pet dander. This type of rhinitis is often seasonal (known as seasonal allergic rhinitis or hay fever) but can be perennial (present throughout the year), depending on the specific allergens involved.

Non-Allergic Rhinitis

Non-allergic rhinitis does not involve the immune system. Instead, it's typically triggered by irritants such as cigarette smoke, strong odors, and changes in weather or humidity. In some cases, it may be caused by certain medications, hormonal changes, or underlying medical conditions.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of rhinitis include sneezing, runny or stuffy nose, itching or burning sensation in the nose, and watery or itchy eyes. These symptoms can lead to sleep disturbances, impairment of daily activities, and decreased quality of life.

Diagnosis and Treatment

The diagnosis of rhinitis is primarily based on a thorough history and physical examination. For allergic rhinitis, skin prick tests or blood tests may be used to identify the specific allergens involved. Treatment focuses on symptom management and often includes antihistamines, decongestants, nasal sprays, and in some cases, allergy shots (immunotherapy). Avoidance of known allergens or irritants is also a key component of management.