Genital candidiasis

Genital Candidiasis is a fungal infection affecting the genital area, predominantly caused by the yeast species Candida albicans. Although it can affect both men and women, it is more common in females, where it is often referred to as a yeast infection or thrush. This condition can cause significant discomfort but is usually treatable with antifungal medications.

Causes and Risk Factors

Genital candidiasis occurs when there is an overgrowth of Candida yeast, which is naturally present in small amounts in the genital area, mouth, and digestive tract. Several factors can contribute to this imbalance, including:

• Antibiotic use, which can decrease the number of beneficial bacteria that keep Candida in check
• Pregnancy, due to hormonal changes that can increase sugar levels in the vaginal area, fostering yeast growth
• Uncontrolled diabetes, as elevated sugar levels in urine and sweat can promote yeast growth
• A weakened immune system, which can be due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or treatments like chemotherapy
• Hormonal contraceptives or hormone therapy
• Poor hygiene or tight-fitting clothing that creates a warm, moist environment conducive to yeast growth

Symptoms

Symptoms of genital candidiasis can vary but often include:

• Itching and irritation in the genital area
• Swelling and redness of the vulva in women or the penis in men (balanitis)
• Pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse
• A thick, white vaginal discharge that resembles cottage cheese (primarily in women)
• Burning sensation during urination

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of genital candidiasis typically involves a medical history review and a physical examination. In some cases, a sample of the discharge may be taken and examined under a microscope or cultured to confirm the presence of Candida yeast.

Treatment

Treatment for genital candidiasis usually involves antifungal medications, which can be applied topically as a cream or ointment or taken orally. Common antifungal treatments include:

• Clotrimazole
• Fluconazole
• Miconazole
• Nystatin

It is important to complete the full course of treatment, even if symptoms improve before the medication is finished, to prevent recurrence.

Prevention

Preventive measures for genital candidiasis include:

• Maintaining good genital hygiene
• Wearing loose-fitting, cotton underwear
• Avoiding excessive use of antibiotics
• Managing diabetes effectively
• Avoiding douches and scented feminine hygiene products

Complications

While not typically serious, untreated genital candidiasis can lead to complications, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems. Complications may include:

• Recurrent infections
• Spread of the infection to other parts of the body, such as the heart or brain, in people with weakened immune systems
• In pregnant women, potential risk of passing the infection to the baby during delivery

See Also

• Candidiasis
• Vulvovaginal health
• Sexually transmitted infection