Vasculitis

Editor-In-Chief: Prab R Tumpati, MD
Obesity, Sleep & Internal medicine
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Vasculitis
Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Fever, fatigue, weight loss, muscle pain, joint pain, rash, nerve damage
Complications	Organ damage, aneurysm, blood clots
Onset	Any age, varies by type
Duration	Varies, can be acute or chronic
Types	Giant cell arteritis, Kawasaki disease, Polyarteritis nodosa, Wegener's granulomatosis, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, Microscopic polyangiitis
Causes	Autoimmune disease, infection, medications, cancer
Risks	Genetic factors, environmental factors, infections, medications
Diagnosis	Blood tests, imaging studies, biopsy
Differential diagnosis	Infection, thrombosis, neoplasm
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Corticosteroids, immunosuppressive drugs, biologics, plasmapheresis
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	Varies by type and severity
Frequency	Rare, varies by type
Deaths	N/A

Inflammation of blood vessels

Churg-Strauss syndrome under very high magnification

Vasculitis as seen on FDG PET-CT

Vasculitis is a group of disorders characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels. This inflammation can cause the walls of the blood vessels to thicken, which reduces the width of the passageway through the vessel. If blood flow is restricted, it can result in organ and tissue damage. Vasculitis can affect any of the body's blood vessels, including arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Classification

Vasculitis is classified based on the size of the blood vessels affected:

Large vessel vasculitis

• Giant cell arteritis
• Takayasu's arteritis

Medium vessel vasculitis

• Polyarteritis nodosa
• Kawasaki disease

Small vessel vasculitis

• Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
• Microscopic polyangiitis
• Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Churg-Strauss syndrome)

Signs and symptoms

The symptoms of vasculitis vary greatly and depend on the organs affected. Common symptoms include:

• Fever
• Fatigue
• Weight loss
• Muscle and joint pain
• Loss of appetite

Causes

The exact cause of vasculitis is often unknown. It can be triggered by infections, medications, or other diseases. Some forms of vasculitis are associated with autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of vasculitis typically involves a combination of:

• Blood tests
• Imaging studies such as CT scan or MRI
• Biopsy of affected tissue

Treatment

Treatment depends on the type and severity of vasculitis. Common treatments include:

• Corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
• Immunosuppressive drugs
• Biologic agents

Prognosis

The prognosis for vasculitis varies. Some forms are mild and resolve on their own, while others can be life-threatening without treatment. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for a better outcome.

See also

• Autoimmune disease
• Inflammation
• Immune system