Bronchitis, Chronic

A long-term inflammation of the bronchi in the lungs

Chronic Bronchitis
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Synonyms	N/A
Pronounce	N/A
Specialty	N/A
Symptoms	Cough, sputum production, shortness of breath
Complications	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), respiratory failure
Onset	Gradual
Duration	Long-term
Types	N/A
Causes	Smoking, air pollution, occupational exposure
Risks	Smoking, exposure to irritants
Diagnosis	Spirometry, clinical evaluation
Differential diagnosis	N/A
Prevention	N/A
Treatment	Smoking cessation, bronchodilators, corticosteroids
Medication	N/A
Prognosis	N/A
Frequency	Common
Deaths	N/A

Chronic bronchitis is a long-term inflammation of the bronchi, the large and medium-sized airways in the lungs. It is characterized by a persistent cough that produces sputum (mucus) for at least three months in two consecutive years. Chronic bronchitis is one of the conditions included under the umbrella term COPD.

Pathophysiology

Chronic bronchitis involves the inflammation and swelling of the lining of the airways, leading to narrowing and obstruction. This results in increased mucus production and impaired clearance of mucus, which can cause difficulty in breathing and frequent respiratory infections. The primary cause of chronic bronchitis is long-term exposure to irritants that damage the lungs and airways, most commonly tobacco smoking. Other factors include air pollution, dust, and chemical fumes.

Symptoms

The main symptoms of chronic bronchitis include:

• Persistent cough with mucus production
• Shortness of breath, especially during physical activity
• Wheezing
• Fatigue
• Frequent respiratory infections

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of chronic bronchitis is based on the patient's history of symptoms and exposure to risk factors, as well as physical examination. Spirometry is a key diagnostic test that measures lung function and helps differentiate chronic bronchitis from other respiratory conditions. A chest X-ray or CT scan may be used to rule out other lung diseases.

Treatment

The primary goal of treatment for chronic bronchitis is to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and prevent complications. Key treatment strategies include:

• Smoking cessation: The most effective way to slow the progression of chronic bronchitis.
• Medications: Bronchodilators and corticosteroids are commonly used to reduce airway inflammation and improve breathing.
• Pulmonary rehabilitation: A program that includes exercise training, nutritional advice, and education to help manage symptoms.
• Oxygen therapy: For patients with severe chronic bronchitis and low blood oxygen levels.

Prognosis

The prognosis for chronic bronchitis varies depending on the severity of the disease and the patient's ability to avoid further lung damage. Early diagnosis and treatment, along with lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking, can significantly improve outcomes.

Prevention

Preventive measures include avoiding smoking and exposure to lung irritants, getting vaccinated against influenza and pneumonia, and maintaining good overall health through regular exercise and a balanced diet.

Also see

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• Emphysema
• Asthma
• Respiratory therapy