Neocannabinoid

Neocannabinoids are a class of lipid molecules that act on the cannabinoid receptors in cells that alter neurotransmitter release in the brain. They are part of the endocannabinoid system, which is involved in a variety of physiological processes including appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory. Neocannabinoids are naturally produced in the body and include compounds like anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG).

Structure and Function

Neocannabinoids are derived from arachidonic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. They are synthesized on-demand, meaning they are made and used exactly when they're needed, rather than packaged and stored for later use. The two most studied neocannabinoids are anandamide and 2-AG. These molecules are synthesized through a two-step process involving the cleavage of membrane phospholipids into arachidonic acid and ethanolamine or glycerol, followed by the recombination of these molecules in a specific arrangement.

Neocannabinoids function as retrograde neurotransmitters, meaning they travel backward from the receiving neuron to the sending neuron. This is a unique feature of neocannabinoids and allows them to regulate the release of other neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA.

Role in the Body

Neocannabinoids play a crucial role in the regulation of various physiological and cognitive processes. They are involved in the modulation of appetite, pain perception, mood, and memory. They also play a role in the immune system, where they regulate the release of cytokines and other immune responses.

In the brain, neocannabinoids act as neuromodulators to regulate functions such as motor control, cognition, emotions, and behavior. They also have a protective role in the brain, helping to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress.

Clinical Significance

Due to their wide range of physiological roles, neocannabinoids have been implicated in a variety of pathological conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, mood disorders, and cancer. They are also the target of various pharmacological interventions aimed at treating these conditions.

For example, in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, there is evidence that enhancing the endocannabinoid system may have therapeutic benefits. Similarly, in mood disorders like depression and anxiety, modulating the endocannabinoid system may help to regulate mood and reduce anxiety.

See Also

• Cannabinoid
• Endocannabinoid system
• Anandamide
• 2-Arachidonoylglycerol