Attention deficit disorder

Attention Deficit Disorder
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Synonyms	ADD
Pronounce
Specialty	Psychiatry, Pediatrics
Symptoms	Difficulty paying attention, excessive activity, difficulty controlling behavior
Complications
Onset	Before age 12
Duration	Long-term
Types
Causes	Unknown
Risks	Genetics, Alcohol use during pregnancy, Environmental factors, Social factors
Diagnosis	Based on symptoms
Differential diagnosis
Prevention
Treatment	Stimulant, Counseling, Behavioral therapy
Medication	Methylphenidate, Amphetamine, Atomoxetine
Prognosis
Frequency
Deaths

Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by problems paying attention, excessive activity, or difficulty controlling behavior which is not appropriate for a person's age. The symptoms appear before age 12 and can cause significant problems in social interaction and at school. The exact cause of ADD is unknown, but it is believed to involve interactions between genetics, the environment, and social factors.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The primary symptoms of ADD include inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Children with ADD may struggle with low self-esteem, troubled relationships, and poor performance in school. Symptoms sometimes lessen with age. However, some individuals never completely outgrow their ADD symptoms, but they can learn strategies to be successful.

Diagnosis of ADD involves gathering information from several sources, including schools, caregivers, and medical evaluations. ADD is diagnosed when symptoms are severe enough to cause ongoing problems in more than one area of life. These symptoms must be demonstrable for at least six months to be considered for diagnosis.

Treatment

Treatment for ADD typically involves some combination of medications, psychotherapy, education or training, or a combination of treatments. Medications, such as stimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine, are effective for many people. Psychotherapy, including behavior therapy, and social skills training can also help manage symptoms.

Epidemiology

The diagnosis of ADD is common, with most cases diagnosed in children and adolescents. It is more frequently diagnosed in males than females. ADD is recognized worldwide and symptoms are generally consistent among different cultures.

History

The condition was first described by Dr. Heinrich Hoffman in 1845, but it was not until the 20th century that ADD began to be formally recognized and studied. Over the decades, the understanding and diagnosis of ADD have evolved.

See also

• Learning disability
• Hyperactivity
• Cognitive behavioral therapy