Imipramine is a tricyclic antidepressant that continues to be widely used in the therapy of depression.
Liver safety of Imipramine[edit source]
Imipramine can cause mild and transient serum enzyme elevations and is rare cause of clinically apparent acute cholestatic liver injury.
Mechanism of action of Imipramine[edit source]
Imipramine (im ip' ra meen) is a dibenzazepine derived tricyclic antidepressant which acts by inhibition of serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake within synaptic clefts in the central nervous system, thus increasing brain levels of these neurotransmitters.
FDA approval information for Imipramine[edit source]
Imipramine is indicated for therapy of depression and was approved for this indication in the United States in 1959; it is still widely used, with more than 1 million prescriptions being filled yearly. Imipramine is also used for childhood enuresis.
Dosage and administration for Imipramine[edit source]
Imipramine is available in generic forms and under the brand names of Tofranil in 10, 25, and 50 mg tablets and as capsules of 75, 100, 125 and 150 mg for nighttime dosing. The typical recommended dose for depression in adults is 75 to 100 mg daily in divided doses, increasing gradually to a maximum of 200 mg daily. Imipramine can also be given as a single nighttime dose. The recommended dose in children (ages 6 years or above) is 25 to 75 mg daily 1 hour before bedtime.
Side effects of Imipramine[edit source]
Common side effects include dizziness, headache, drowsiness, restlessness, confusion, gastrointestinal upset, increased appetite, weight gain, blurred vision, dry mouth and urinary retention.
The following are antidepressant subclasses and drugs
MAO Inhibitors
Isocarboxazid, Phenelzine, Tranylcypromine
SNRIs
Duloxetine, Levomilnacipran, Venlafaxine
SSRIs
Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine, Fluvoxamine, Paroxetine, Sertraline, Vilazodone, Vortioxetine
Tricyclics
Amitriptyline, Amoxapine, Clomipramine, Desipramine, Doxepin, Imipramine, Nortriptyline, Protriptyline, Trimipramine
Miscellaneous
Bupropion, Flibanserin, Mirtazapine, Nefazodone, Trazodone
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| Adrenergic receptor modulators |
| α1 |
|
| Agonists | |
| Antagonists | * Abanoquil
- Ajmalicine
- Alfuzosin
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Atiprosin
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., brexpiprazole, clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone)
- Benoxathian
- Beta blockers (e.g., adimolol, amosulalol, arotinolol, carvedilol, eugenodilol, labetalol)
- Buflomedil
- Bunazosin
- Corynanthine
- Dapiprazole
- Domesticine
- Doxazosin
- Ergolines (e.g., acetergamine, ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, lisuride, nicergoline, terguride)
- Etoperidone
- Fenspiride
- Hydroxyzine
- Indoramin
- Ketanserin
- L-765,314
- mCPP
- Mepiprazole
- Metazosin
- Monatepil
- Moxisylyte
- Naftopidil
- Nantenine
- Neldazosin
- Niaprazine
- Niguldipine
- Pardoprunox
- Pelanserin
- Perlapine
- Phendioxan
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Phentolamine
- Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
- Piperoxan
- Prazosin
- Quinazosin
- Quinidine
- Silodosin
- Spegatrine
- Spiperone
- Talipexole
- Tamsulosin
- Terazosin
- Tiodazosin
- Tolazoline
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, clomipramine, doxepin, imipramine, trimipramine)
- Trimazosin
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
- Urapidil
- WB-4101
- Zolertine
|
|
|
| α2 |
|
| Agonists | |
| Antagonists | * 1-PP
- Adimolol
- Amesergide
- Aptazapine
- Atipamezole
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., asenapine, brexpiprazole, clozapine, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, zotepine)
- Azapirones (e.g., buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, tandospirone)
- BRL-44408
- Buflomedil
- Cirazoline
- Efaroxan
- Esmirtazapine
- Fenmetozole
- Fluparoxan
- Idazoxan
- Ketanserin
- Lisuride
- mCPP
- Mianserin
- Mirtazapine
- NAN-190
- Pardoprunox
- Phentolamine
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Piperoxan
- Piribedil
- Rauwolscine
- Rotigotine
- Setiptiline
- Spegatrine
- Spiroxatrine
- Sunepitron
- Terguride
- Tolazoline
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, loxapine, thioridazine)
- Yohimbine
|
|
|
| β | |
|
| Histamine receptor modulators |
| H1 | * Agonists: 2-Pyridylethylamine
- Others: Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., aripiprazole, asenapine, brexpiprazole, brilaroxazine, clozapine, iloperidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, zotepine)
- Phenylpiperazine antidepressants (e.g., hydroxynefazodone, nefazodone, trazodone, triazoledione)
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, loxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, oxaprotiline)
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, butriptyline, clomipramine, desipramine, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, iprindole, lofepramine, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trimipramine)
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, flupenthixol, fluphenazine, loxapine, perphenazine, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, thiothixene)
|
| H2 | |
| H3 | |
| H4 | |
|
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| Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators |
| mAChRs
|
|
| Agonists | |
| Antagonists | * 3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
- 4-DAMP
- Aclidinium bromide (+formoterol)
- Abediterol
- AF-DX 250
- AF-DX 384
- Ambutonium bromide
- Anisodamine
- Anisodine
- Antihistamines (first-generation) (e.g., brompheniramine, buclizine, captodiame, chlorphenamine (chlorpheniramine), cinnarizine, clemastine, cyproheptadine, dimenhydrinate, dimetindene, diphenhydramine, doxylamine, meclizine, mequitazine, perlapine, phenindamine, pheniramine, phenyltoloxamine, promethazine, propiomazine, triprolidine)
- AQ-RA 741
- Atropine
- Atropine methonitrate
- Atypical antipsychotics (e.g., clozapine, fluperlapine, olanzapine (+fluoxetine), rilapine, quetiapine, tenilapine, zotepine)
- Benactyzine
- Benzatropine (benztropine)
- Benzilone
- Benzilylcholine mustard
- Benzydamine
- Bevonium
- BIBN 99
- Biperiden
- Bornaprine
- Camylofin
- CAR-226,086
- CAR-301,060
- CAR-302,196
- CAR-302,282
- CAR-302,368
- CAR-302,537
- CAR-302,668
- Caramiphen
- Cimetropium bromide
- Clidinium bromide
- Cloperastine
- CS-27349
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclopentolate
- Darifenacin
- DAU-5884
- Desfesoterodine
- Dexetimide
- DIBD
- Dicycloverine (dicyclomine)
- Dihexyverine
- Difemerine
- Diphemanil metilsulfate
- Ditran
- Drofenine
- EA-3167
- EA-3443
- EA-3580
- EA-3834
- Emepronium bromide
- Etanautine
- Etybenzatropine (ethybenztropine)
- Fenpiverinium
- Fentonium bromide
- Fesoterodine
- Flavoxate
- Glycopyrronium bromide (+beclometasone/formoterol, +indacaterol, +neostigmine)
- Hexahydrodifenidol
- Hexahydrosiladifenidol
- Hexbutinol
- Hexocyclium
- Himbacine
- HL-031,120
- Homatropine
- Imidafenacin
- Ipratropium bromide (+salbutamol)
- Isopropamide
- J-104,129
- Hyoscyamine
- Mamba toxin 3
- Mamba toxin 7
- Mazaticol
- Mebeverine
- Meladrazine
- Mepenzolate
- Methantheline
- Methoctramine
- Methylatropine
- Methylhomatropine
- Methylscopolamine
- Metixene
- Muscarinic toxin 7
- N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
- N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate
- Nefopam
- Octatropine methylbromide (anisotropine methylbromide)
- Orphenadrine
- Otenzepad (AF-DX 116)
- Otilonium bromide
- Oxapium iodide
- Oxitropium bromide
- Oxybutynin
- Oxyphencyclimine
- Oxyphenonium bromide
- PBID
- PD-102,807
- PD-0298029
- Penthienate
- Pethidine
- pFHHSiD
- Phenglutarimide
- Phenyltoloxamine
- Pipenzolate bromide
- Piperidolate
- Pirenzepine
- Piroheptine
- Pizotifen
- Poldine
- Pridinol
- Prifinium bromide
- Procyclidine
- Profenamine (ethopropazine)
- Propantheline bromide
- Propiverine
- Quinidine
- 3-Quinuclidinyl thiochromane-4-carboxylate
- Revefenacin
- Rociverine
- RU-47,213
- SCH-57,790
- SCH-72,788
- SCH-217,443
- Scopolamine (hyoscine)
- Scopolamine butylbromide (hyoscine butylbromide)
- Silahexacyclium
- Sofpironium bromide
- Solifenacin
- SSRIs
(e.g., femoxetine, paroxetine)
- Telenzepine
- Terodiline
- Tetracyclic antidepressants (e.g., amoxapine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine)
- Tiemonium iodide
- Timepidium bromide
- Tiotropium bromide
- Tiquizium bromide
- Tofenacin
- Tolterodine
- Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline (+perphenazine), amitriptylinoxide, butriptyline, cidoxepin, clomipramine, desipramine, desmethyldesipramine, dibenzepin, dosulepin (dothiepin), doxepin, imipramine, lofepramine, nitroxazepine, northiaden (desmethyldosulepin), nortriptyline, protriptyline, quinupramine, trimipramine)
- Tridihexethyl
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Trimebutine
- Tripitamine (tripitramine)
- Tropacine
- Tropatepine
- Tropicamide
- Trospium chloride
- Typical antipsychotics (e.g., chlorpromazine, chlorprothixene, cyamemazine (cyamepromazine), loxapine, mesoridazine, thioridazine)
- Umeclidinium bromide (+vilanterol)
- WIN-2299
- Xanomeline
- Zamifenacin
|
|
|
Precursors
(and prodrugs) | |
|
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