Bronchial asthma

Bronchial Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways that causes periodic episodes of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. It is a common condition affecting individuals of all ages, but often starts in childhood.

Etiology

The exact cause of bronchial asthma is not known, but it is believed to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Exposure to allergens, such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander, as well as irritants like tobacco smoke and air pollution, can trigger an asthma attack. Infections, exercise, cold air, and stress can also precipitate an episode.

Pathophysiology

In bronchial asthma, the airways become inflamed and swollen. This inflammation leads to increased sensitivity of the airways to a variety of stimuli. During an asthma attack, the muscles surrounding the airways tighten, and the lining of the airways becomes inflamed and swollen, producing excess mucus. This results in narrowing of the airways, making it difficult for air to move in and out of the lungs.

Symptoms

The symptoms of bronchial asthma can vary from person to person and may include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. These symptoms can be mild, moderate, or severe and can occur occasionally or frequently.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of bronchial asthma is based on a combination of symptoms, physical examination, and lung function tests. Spirometry is a common test used to assess lung function. It measures the amount of air a person can breathe in and out and the speed of the air as it is exhaled.

Treatment

The treatment of bronchial asthma involves avoiding triggers, taking medications to prevent symptoms, and treating attacks when they occur. Medications used in the treatment of asthma include bronchodilators, which relax the muscles around the airways, and corticosteroids, which reduce inflammation in the airways.

Prognosis

With proper treatment and management, most people with bronchial asthma can lead normal, active lives. However, uncontrolled asthma can lead to serious complications, including permanent lung damage and, in rare cases, death.