Fungal nail infection

Fungal Nail Infection

Afungal nail infection, also known as onychomycosis, is a common condition that affects the nails, typically the toenails. It is caused by various types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts, and non-dermatophyte molds. This condition can lead to discoloration, thickening, and separation of the nail from the nail bed.

Causes

Fungal nail infections are primarily caused by dermatophyte fungi, such as *Trichophyton rubrum* and *Trichophyton interdigitale*. These fungi thrive in warm, moist environments and can be spread through direct contact with infected surfaces or individuals. Other fungi, such as yeasts like *Candida* species, can also cause nail infections, particularly in fingernails.

Risk Factors

Several factors can increase the risk of developing a fungal nail infection:

• Age: Older adults are more susceptible due to reduced blood circulation and slower nail growth.
• Sweating heavily: This creates a moist environment conducive to fungal growth.
• Walking barefoot in damp communal areas: Such as swimming pools, gyms, and shower rooms.
• Having a minor skin or nail injury: This can provide an entry point for fungi.
• Having diabetes or a weakened immune system: These conditions can increase susceptibility to infections.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a fungal nail infection can vary but often include:

• Discoloration: The nail may turn white, yellow, or brown.
• Thickening: The nail may become thicker and more difficult to trim.
• Brittleness: The nail may become brittle and crumble easily.
• Distortion: The shape of the nail may become distorted.
• Separation: The nail may separate from the nail bed, a condition known as onycholysis.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of a fungal nail infection typically involves a physical examination of the affected nail. A healthcare provider may also take a sample of the nail or debris from under the nail for laboratory testing to identify the specific type of fungus causing the infection.

Treatment

Treatment options for fungal nail infections include:

• Topical antifungal medications: These are applied directly to the nail and surrounding skin.
• Oral antifungal medications: Such as terbinafine or itraconazole, which are taken by mouth and can be more effective for severe infections.
• Nail removal: In some cases, the infected nail may need to be removed to allow for direct treatment of the nail bed.
• Laser therapy: This is a newer treatment option that uses laser light to destroy the fungus.

Prevention

Preventive measures to reduce the risk of fungal nail infections include:

• Keeping feet clean and dry.
• Wearing breathable footwear and moisture-wicking socks.
• Avoiding walking barefoot in communal areas.
• Regularly trimming nails and keeping them clean.
• Using antifungal sprays or powders in shoes.

Also see

• Dermatophyte
• Onycholysis
• Tinea pedis
• Candida (fungus)

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