Hormone

From WikiMD's Wellness Encyclopedia

(Redirected from Prohormone)

The chemical structure of the hormone Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Hormones represent the chemical messengers of the endocrine system, playing an integral role in the body's internal regulation in conjunction with the nervous system.[1] Found in every multicellular organism, hormones interact with specific cells that possess the corresponding receptors for each hormone.[2]

Hormonal Function and Production[edit | edit source]

Cells capable of hormone production exist throughout the body, with specialized cells congregating in glands, dedicated to hormone synthesis and release. Hormones can originate from different types of glands - "endocrine" glands, which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, and "exocrine" glands, which release their products externally through ducts, as seen in sweat and salivary glands.

The concept of hormones was established in 1902 with the discovery of secretin. The term 'hormone', however, was not introduced until 1905.[3]

Hormonal Activities[edit | edit source]

Hormones enact a broad spectrum of activities, from regulating metabolism and instigating cell growth and death, to triggering sexual development, as evidenced by the roles of estrogen and progesterone in female puberty. They also assist in maintaining homeostasis, a stable internal state, managing factors like temperature, hydration, and blood sugar levels. A hormone released from one gland may even stimulate other glands to produce different hormones.

Categories of Hormones[edit | edit source]

Hormones in vertebrates generally fall into four categories, based on their chemical composition:

Hormonal Regulation[edit | edit source]

Hormonal regulation, the control of hormone production and release, is an essential aspect of biology.

Negative Feedback[edit | edit source]

Most hormonal regulation operates via a negative feedback system. In this setup, a hormone induces an effect, which is then detected by the hormone-producing cells. Upon recognizing the impact of the hormone, these cells halt its production. This regulatory feedback loop ensures that hormone levels in the body remain balanced and effectively maintain homeostasis.

Hormonal Impact on Health[edit | edit source]

Alterations in hormone levels can lead to various health conditions. Overproduction or underproduction of specific hormones can disrupt the body's normal function and lead to disorders such as diabetes, thyroid diseases, growth disorders, and many others. Consequently, understanding the regulation and function of hormones is vital for diagnosing and treating these conditions.

See Also[edit | edit source]

Hormone Resources


  1. Nussey S. & Whitehead S. 2001. Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Oxford: Bios Scientific Publ. ISBN 978-1-85996-252-7 [1]

Contributors: Prab R. Tumpati, MD