Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride
A detailed article on Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride
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Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, commonly known as heroin, is an opioid analgesic derived from morphine, a natural substance extracted from the seed pod of the Asian opium poppy plant. It is chemically known as (5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methylmorphinan-3,6-diyl diacetate hydrochloride. Heroin is a highly addictive drug and is classified as a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Substances Act in the United States, indicating it has a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
Pharmacology[edit | edit source]
Diacetylmorphine hydrochloride acts on the central nervous system by binding to opioid receptors, primarily the mu-opioid receptor. This binding results in the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, leading to analgesia, euphoria, and a sense of well-being. The drug is rapidly metabolized into 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and then into morphine, which is responsible for most of its effects.
Medical Use[edit | edit source]
Although heroin is illegal in most countries, it is used medically in some places under the name diamorphine. It is prescribed for severe pain management, such as in cases of myocardial infarction or severe trauma, and in palliative care settings. In these contexts, it is valued for its rapid onset and potent analgesic effects.
Addiction and Abuse[edit | edit source]
Heroin is notorious for its high potential for addiction. Regular use can lead to the development of tolerance, physical dependence, and addiction. Withdrawal symptoms can be severe and include restlessness, muscle and bone pain, insomnia, diarrhea, vomiting, and cold flashes.
Legal Status[edit | edit source]
Heroin is illegal in most parts of the world. In the United States, it is classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act. In the United Kingdom, it is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971.
History[edit | edit source]
Heroin was first synthesized in 1874 by C.R. Alder Wright, an English chemist working at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. It was later marketed by Bayer as a cough suppressant and non-addictive morphine substitute in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before its addictive properties were fully understood.
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Contributors: Bonnu, Prab R. Tumpati, MD
