Extended-release morphine

Extended-release morphine is a form of morphine, an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain. Unlike immediate-release formulations that provide rapid pain relief, extended-release morphine is designed to release the drug slowly into the bloodstream over a specified period, typically 12 or 24 hours. This allows for the management of chronic pain with fewer doses per day, aiming to improve patient compliance and maintain a consistent level of pain control.

Mechanism of Action

Morphine acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain. It works by binding to mu-opioid receptors in the brain, spinal cord, and other areas of the body, mimicking the action of pain-reducing chemicals called endorphins. This binding decreases the perception of pain and the emotional response to pain. The extended-release formulation ensures that the medication's effects are prolonged, maintaining pain relief over an extended period.

Indications

Extended-release morphine is indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require daily, around-the-clock, long-term opioid treatment and for which alternative treatment options are inadequate. It is typically prescribed for conditions such as cancer pain, severe back pain, and pain associated with neuropathic conditions.

Dosage and Administration

The dosage of extended-release morphine must be carefully adjusted according to the severity of the pain, the patient's previous opioid treatment experiences, and the patient's risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse. Patients must swallow tablets whole to maintain the extended-release mechanism and avoid a potentially fatal dose.

Side Effects

Common side effects of extended-release morphine include constipation, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, and pruritus. Like all opioids, there is a risk of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse with extended-release morphine. It can also lead to respiratory depression, especially if taken in high doses or in combination with other substances that depress the CNS.

Precautions

Before using extended-release morphine, patients should inform their healthcare provider about any history of substance use disorder, mental health issues, respiratory problems, or liver or kidney disease. It is also important to avoid consuming alcohol or using other medications that can depress the CNS while taking extended-release morphine.

Interactions

Extended-release morphine can interact with a variety of medications, including other opioids, benzodiazepines, muscle relaxants, and antidepressants, increasing the risk of side effects like respiratory depression. Patients should always consult their healthcare provider before starting or stopping any medication.

Conclusion

Extended-release morphine is a critical tool in the management of chronic pain, offering the benefits of reduced dosing frequency and consistent pain control. However, its use must be carefully managed to mitigate the risks of side effects, addiction, and abuse.