3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methoxyamphetamine

3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-methoxyamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as ecstasy or molly, is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational purposes. The desired effects include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, as well as pleasure. When taken by mouth, effects begin in 30 to 45 minutes and last 3 to 6 hours.

Chemistry

MDMA is a member of the larger group of ring-substituted phenethylamines. The compound can exist as both a free base and as a salt. In the body, MDMA is metabolized into 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), a metabolite that is also psychoactive.

Pharmacology

MDMA acts primarily as a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine releasing agent (SNDRA). It enters neurons via carriage by the monoamine transporters. Once inside, MDMA inhibits the vesicular monoamine transporter, which results in increased concentrations of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine into the cytoplasm, and induces their release by reversing their respective transporters through a process known as phosphorylation.

Effects

Physical

Physical effects include pupil dilation, jaw clenching, lack of appetite, and, in some cases, nausea and vomiting. The sensation of heat, cold, touch and sound may be heightened, while that of pain may be decreased.

Psychological

Psychological effects can include euphoria, anxiety, increased sociability and empathy, relaxation, and changes in perception of time and space. Negative effects can include agitation, restlessness, anxiety, and mood swings.

Health risks and harm reduction

MDMA use can lead to adverse effects such as dehydration, hyperthermia, and seizures. These can be mitigated by drinking water, cooling down, and avoiding use in hot environments. MDMA can also cause neurotoxicity and cognitive impairment.

Legal status

MDMA is classified as a Schedule I drug under the United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, meaning it has a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.

See also

• Amphetamine
• Methamphetamine
• Phenethylamine
• Psychedelic drug
• Recreational drug use