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Overview

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), commonly known as Ecstasy or Molly, is a psychoactive drug primarily used for recreational purposes. The desired effects include altered sensations, increased energy, empathy, and pleasure. MDMA is chemically similar to both stimulants and hallucinogens, producing feelings of increased energy, pleasure, emotional warmth, and distorted sensory and time perception.

History

MDMA was first synthesized in 1912 by the German pharmaceutical company Merck. It was initially developed as a potential appetite suppressant, but its psychoactive properties were not discovered until the 1970s. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, MDMA gained popularity as a therapeutic aid in psychotherapy before becoming a popular recreational drug.

Pharmacology

MDMA acts primarily by increasing the activity of three neurotransmitters: serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. It causes the release of large amounts of serotonin, which likely causes the mood-lifting effects of MDMA. The release of serotonin triggers the release of hormones that play a role in sexual arousal and trust, which may account for the feelings of emotional closeness and empathy experienced by users.

Mechanism of Action

MDMA enters the presynaptic neuron via the serotonin transporter and promotes the release of serotonin into the synaptic cleft. It also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin, prolonging its effects. Additionally, MDMA affects the release of dopamine and norepinephrine, contributing to its stimulant effects.

Effects

The effects of MDMA can be divided into desired effects, side effects, and adverse effects.

Desired Effects

• Euphoria
• Increased energy and alertness
• Emotional warmth and empathy towards others
• Enhanced sensory perception

Side Effects

• Jaw clenching and teeth grinding
• Loss of appetite
• Sweating and chills
• Nausea

Adverse Effects

• Anxiety and agitation
• Increased heart rate and blood pressure
• Hyperthermia
• Dehydration
• Serotonin syndrome

Therapeutic Use

MDMA has been studied for its potential therapeutic benefits in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and anxiety associated with terminal illness. Clinical trials have shown promising results, leading to its designation as a "breakthrough therapy" by the FDA.

Legal Status

MDMA is classified as a Schedule I controlled substance in the United States, indicating it has a high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. However, research into its therapeutic potential is ongoing, and it is legally available for research purposes under strict regulatory controls.

Conclusion

MDMA is a psychoactive drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties. While it is primarily used recreationally, ongoing research is exploring its potential therapeutic benefits. Its legal status remains restrictive, but future studies may influence its classification and medical use.

See Also

• Psychedelic therapy
• Serotonin syndrome
• Recreational drug use

External Links

• National Institute on Drug Abuse - MDMA (Ecstasy) Abuse