Glossary of health and medicine

ACE inhibitor - antihypertensive drug that blocks the formation of angiotensin in the kidney, leading to relaxation of the arteries; promotes the excretion of salt and water by inhibiting the activity of the angiotensin converting enzyme; also used to treat congestive heart failure
ACE - of the highest quality; a serve that the receiver is unable to reach; one of four playing cards in a deck having a single pip on its face; someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field; a major strategic headquarters of NATO; safeguards an area extending from Norway to Turkey; verb serve an ace against (someone); play (a hole) in one stroke; score an ace against; succeed at easily
ACTH - a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
ADHD - a condition (mostly in boys) characterized by behavioral and learning disorders
ADH - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
AFP - an abnormally large amount of this fetoprotein in the fetus can signal an abnormality of the neural tube (as spina bifida or anencephaly)
AIDS - a serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles
ALL - completely given to or absorbed by; quantifier; used with either mass or count s to indicate the whole number or amount of or every one of a class; adv. to a complete degree or to the full or entire extent (`whole' is often used informally for `wholly')
ALP - any high mountain
ALS - thickening of tissue in the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord; results in progressive muscle atrophy that starts in the limbs
ARDS - acute lung injury characterized by coughing and rales; inflammation of the lungs which become stiff and fibrous and cannot exchange oxygen; occurs among persons exposed to irritants such as corrosive chemical vapors or ammonia or chlorine etc.
ART - the creation of beautiful or significant things; the products of human creativity; works of art collectively; a superior skill that you can learn by study and practice and observation; photographs or other visual representations in a printed publication
ATP - a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
Achilles tendon - a large tendon that runs from the heel to the calf
Addison's disease - a glandular disorder caused by failure of function of the cortex of the adrenal gland and marked by anemia and prostration with brownish skin
Administration - the act of administering medication; a method of tending to (especially business) matters; the persons (or committees or departments etc.) who make up a body for the purpose of administering something; the tenure of a president
Advil - a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an analgesic and antipyretic
Agency - a business that serves other businesses; an administrative unit of government; the state of being in action or exerting power; how a result is obtained or an end is achieved; the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate or agent
Alzheimer's disease - a progressive form of presenile dementia that is similar to senile dementia except that it usually starts in the 40s or 50s; first symptoms are impaired memory which is followed by impaired thought and speech and finally complete helplessness
Apgar score - an assessment of the physical condition of a newborn infant; involves heart rate and muscle tone and respiratory effort and color and reflex responsiveness
Aspergillus - genus of common molds causing food spoilage and some pathogenic to plants and animals
Ayurveda - (Sanskrit) an ancient medical treatise summarizing the Hindu art of healing and prolonging life; sometimes regarded as a 5th Veda
BMR - the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state
BPH - enlarged prostate; appears to be part of the natural aging process
BSE - a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation
Bartholin's gland - either of the two posterior vestibular glands that secrete a lubricating mucus; homologous to Cowper's gland in the male
Benadryl - antihistamine (trade name Benadryl) used to treat allergic reactions involving the nasal passages (hay fever) and also to treat motion sickness
Bowman's capsule - thin double membrane surrounding the glomerulus of a nephron
CABG - open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart
CAD - someone who is morally reprehensible; software used in art and architecture and engineering and manufacturing to assist in precision drawing
CDC - a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services; located in Atlanta; investigates and diagnoses and tries to control or prevent diseases (especially new and unusual diseases)
CJD - rare (usually fatal) brain disease (usually in middle age) caused by an unidentified slow virus; characterized by progressive dementia and gradual loss of muscle control
CMV - any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems
COX - the helmsman of a ship's boat or a racing crew; either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin; verb act as the coxswain, in a boat race
CPR - an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen
CRT - a vacuum tube in which a hot cathode emits a beam of electrons that pass through a high voltage anode and are focused or deflected before hitting a phosphorescent screen
Candida albicans - a parasitic fungus that can infect the mouth or the skin or the intestines or the vagina
Cannabis sativa - a strong-smelling plant from whose dried leaves a number of euphoriant and hallucinogenic drugs are prepared
China - high quality porcelain originally made only in China; a communist nation that covers a vast territory in eastern Asia; the most populous country in the world; dishware made of high quality porcelain; a government on the island of Taiwan established in 1949 by Chiang Kai-shek after the conquest of mainland China by the communists led by Mao Zedong
Clostridium botulinum - anaerobic bacterium producing botulin the toxin that causes botulism
Coumadin - an anticoagulant (trade name Coumadin) use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus
Crick - English biochemist who (with Watson in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (1916-2004); a painful muscle spasm especially in the neck or back (`rick' and `wrick' are British); verb twist (a body part) into a strained position
Cushing's syndrome - a glandular disorder caused by excessive cortisol
DLE - a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose
DNA - (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information
DUB - verb provide (movies) with a soundtrack of a foreign language; give a nickname to; raise (someone) to knighthood
Down syndrome - a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome; results in a flat face and short stature and mental retardation
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy - the most common form of muscular dystrophy; inheritance is X-linked recessive (carried by females but affecting only males)
ECG - a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
ECT - the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma
EEG - a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph
EPA - an independent federal agency established to coordinate programs aimed at reducing pollution and protecting the environment
Egypt - a republic in northeastern Africa known as the United Arab Republic until 1971; site of an ancient civilization that flourished from 2600 to 30 BC; an ancient empire west of Israel; centered on the Nile River and ruled by a Pharaoh; figured in many events described in the Old Testament
Escherichia coli - a species of bacterium normally present in intestinal tract of humans and other animals; sometimes pathogenic; can be a threat to food safety
FDA - a federal agency in the Department of Health and Human Services established to regulate the release of new foods and health-related products
FSH - a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary and stimulates growth of Graafian follicles in female mammals, and activates the cells in male mammals that form sperm
GABA - an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
GAD - a sharp prod fixed to a rider's heel and used to urge a horse onward; an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling of lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months; verb wander aimlessly in search of pleasure
GHB - a club drug available in liquid or powder form is taken orally (frequently combined with alcohol); used to incapacitate individuals for the commission of sexual assault and rape
Galen - Greek anatomist whose theories formed the basis of European medicine until the Renaissance (circa 130-200)
German measles - a contagious viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or four days; can be damaging to a fetus during the first trimester
Graves' disease - exophthalmos occurring in association with goiter; hyperthyroidism with protrusion of the eyeballs
Greece - a republic in southeastern Europe on the southern part of the Balkan peninsula; known for grapes and olives and olive oil
HIV - infection by the human immunodeficiency virus; the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells
HRT - hormones (estrogen and progestin) are given to postmenopausal women; believed to protect them from heart disease and osteoporosis
HUS - Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation; he questioned the infallibility of the Catholic Church was excommunicated (1409) for attacking the corruption of the clergy; he was burned at the stake (1372-1415)
Harvey - English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood; he later proposed that all animals originate from an ovum produced by the female of the species (1578-1657)
Heimlich maneuver - an emergency procedure to help someone who is choking because food is lodged in the trachea
Hirschsprung's disease - congenital condition in which the colon does not have the normal network of nerves; there is little urge to defecate so the feces accumulate and cause megacolon
Human Genome Project - an international study of the entire human genetic material
Huntington's disease - hereditary disease; develops in adulthood and ends in dementia
IVP - performing pyelography with intravenous injection of a contrast medium; X-ray picture of the kidneys and ureters after injection of a radiopaque dye
IgA - one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
IgE - one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
IgG - one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
IgM - one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
Joseph - (New Testament) husband of Mary and (in Christian belief) the foster father of Jesus; (Old Testament) the 11th son of Jacob and one of the 12 patriarchs of Israel; Jacob gave Joseph a coat of many colors, which made his brothers jealous and they sold him into slavery in Egypt; leader of the Nez Perce in their retreat from United States troops (1840-1904)
Kaposi's sarcoma - a sarcoma that starts with purplish spots on the feet and legs and spreads from the skin to lymph nodes and internal organs; a common manifestation of AIDS
Kawasaki disease - an acute disease of young children characterized by a rash and swollen lymph nodes and fever; of unknown cause
Kegel exercises - exercises for women designed to improve the ability to hold urine
Klinefelter's syndrome - syndrome in males that is characterized by small testes and long legs and enlarged breasts and reduced sperm production and mental retardation; a genetic defect in which an extra X chromosome (XXY) is present in the male
LAD - a male child (a familiar term of address to a boy); a boy or man
LDL - a lipoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood; composed of moderate amount of protein and a large amount of cholesterol; high levels are thought to be associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis
LSD - a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid
Landsteiner - United States pathologist (born in Austria) who discovered human blood groups (1868-1943)
Legionnaires' disease - acute (sometimes fatal) lobar pneumonia caused by bacteria of a kind first recognized after an outbreak of the disease at an American Legion convention in Philadelphia in 1976; characterized by fever and muscle and chest pain and headache and chills and a dry cough
Librium - a tranquilizer (trade names Librium and Libritabs) used in the treatment of alcoholism
Lister - moldboard plow with a double moldboard designed to move dirt to either side of a central furrow; assessor who makes out the tax lists; English surgeon who was the first to use antiseptics (1827-1912)
Lou Gehrig's disease - thickening of tissue in the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord; results in progressive muscle atrophy that starts in the limbs
Louis - United States prizefighter who was world heavyweight campion for 12 years (1914-1981)
Lyme disease - an acute inflammatory disease characterized by a rash with joint swelling and fever; caused by bacteria carried by the bite of a deer tick
MALT - a cereal grain that is kiln-dried after having been germinated by soaking in water; used especially in brewing and distilling; a lager of high alcohol content; by law it is considered too alcoholic to be sold as lager or beer; a milkshake made with malt powder; verb convert into malt; convert grain into malt; turn into malt, become malt; treat with malt or malt extract
MAO - Chinese communist leader (1893-1976); an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
MDMA - a stimulant drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects; it was formerly used in psychotherapy but in 1985 it was declared illegal in the United States
MEN - the force of workers available
Mendel - Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)
Mycobacterium tuberculosis - cause of tuberculosis
NIH - an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health; is the principal biomedical research agency of the federal government
National Institutes of Health - an agency in the Department of Health and Human Services whose mission is to employ science in the pursuit of knowledge to improve human health; is the principal biomedical research agency of the federal government
Neisseria gonorrhoeae - the pus-producing bacterium that causes gonorrhea
OCT - the month following September and preceding November
OSHA - a government agency in the Department of Labor to maintain a safe and healthy work environment
OTC - (of securities) not quoted on a stock exchange
PAT - exactly suited to the occasion; having only superficial plausibility; adv. completely or perfectly; the sound made by a gentle blow; a light touch or stroke; verb hit lightly; pat or squeeze fondly or playfully, especially under the chin
PCP - a drug used as an anesthetic by veterinarians; illicitly taken (originally in the form of powder or `dust') for its effects as a hallucinogen
PDA - a lightweight consumer electronic device that looks like a hand-held computer but instead performs specific tasks; can serve as a diary or a personal database or a telephone or an alarm clock etc.
PID - inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge
PKU - a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency
PMS - a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation
PSA - a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
PTSD - an anxiety disorder associated with serious traumatic events and characterized by such symptoms as survivor guilt, reliving the trauma in dreams, numbness and lack of involvement with reality, or recurrent thoughts and images
PVC - irregularity of cardiac rhythm; recurrent occurrences can be a precursor of ventricular fibrillation; a polymer of vinyl chloride used instead of rubber in electric cables
Pap test - a method of examining stained cells in a cervical smear for early diagnosis of uterine cancer
Papaver somniferum - southwestern Asian herb with greyish leaves and white or reddish flowers; source of opium
Parkinson's disease - a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system characterized by tremor and impaired muscular coordination
Pasteur - French chemist and biologist whose discovery that fermentation is caused by microorganisms resulted in the process of pasteurization (1822-1895)
Prevention - the act of preventing
Pyridium - analgesic (trade name Pyridium) used to treat urinary tract infections
RICE - grains used as food either unpolished or more often polished; United States playwright (1892-1967); English lyricist who frequently worked with Andrew Lloyd Webber (born in 1944); annual or perennial rhizomatous marsh grasses; seed used for food; straw used for paper; verb sieve so that it becomes the consistency of rice
RNA - (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell
Reiter's syndrome - an inflammatory syndrome (etiology unknown) predominantly in males; characterized by arthritis and conjunctivitis and urethritis
Reye's syndrome - acquired brain disorder following acute viral infections (especially influenza or chicken pox) in young children
Rh factor - a blood group antigen possessed by Rh-positive people; if an Rh-negative person receives a blood transfusion from an Rh-positive person it can result in hemolysis and anemia
Rocky Mountain spotted fever - caused by rickettsial bacteria and transmitted by wood ticks
Rohypnol - a depressant and tranquilizer (trade name Rohypnol) often used in the commission of sexual assault; legally available in Europe and Mexico and Colombia
Rome - the leadership of the Roman Catholic Church; capital and largest city of Italy; on the Tiber; seat of the Roman Catholic Church; formerly the capital of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
SA node - a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat
SAD - experiencing or showing sorrow or unhappiness; of things that make you feel sad; bad; unfortunate
SAMe - unchanged in character or nature; closely similar or comparable in kind or quality or quantity or degree; same in identity; equal in amount or value; the language of nomadic Lapps in northern Scandinavia and the Kola Peninsula; a member of an indigenous nomadic people living in northern Scandinavia and herding reindeer
SARS - a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003; characterized by fever and coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia; can be fatal
SCID - a congenital disease affecting T cells that can result from a mutation in any one of several different genes; children with it are susceptible to infectious disease; if untreated it is lethal within the first year or two of life
SIDS - sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep
SLE - an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms
Snellen chart - display consisting of a printed card with letters and numbers in lines of decreasing size; used to test visual acuity
Staphylococcus - spherical Gram-positive parasitic bacteria that tend to form irregular colonies; some cause boils or septicemia or infections
Streptococcus - spherical Gram-positive bacteria occurring in pairs or chains; cause e.g. scarlet fever and tonsillitis
TIA - brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply; symptoms depend on the site of the blockage
TRH - hormone released by the hypothalamus that controls the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary
TSH - anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the function of the thyroid gland
Tourette's syndrome - neurological disorder characterized by facial grimaces and tics and movements of the upper body and grunts and shouts and coprolalia
Turner's syndrome - a chromosomal disorder in females who have only one X chromosome; marked by dwarfism and heart abnormalities and underdeveloped sex organs
US Congress - the legislature of the United States government
USDA - the federal department that administers programs that provide services to farmers (including research and soil conservation and efforts to stabilize the farming economy); created in 1862
VLDL - large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
Valium - a tranquilizer (trade name Valium) used to relieve anxiety and relax muscles; acts by enhancing the inhibitory actions of the neurotransmitter GABA; can also be used as an anticonvulsant drug in cases of nerve agent poisoning
Viagra - virility drug (trade name Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men
WHO - a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services
Watson - United States geneticist who (with Crick in 1953) helped discover the helical structure of DNA (born in 1928); United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology (1878-1958); United States telephone engineer who assisted Alexander Graham Bell in his experiments (1854-1934)
Wilson's disease - a rare inherited disorder of copper metabolism; copper accumulates in the liver and then in the red blood cells and brain
World Health Organization - a United Nations agency to coordinate international health activities and to help governments improve health services
abdomen - the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis; the cavity containing the major viscera; in mammals it is separated from the thorax by the diaphragm
abdominal aorta - a branch of the descending aorta
abducens nerve - a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye
abortion - termination of pregnancy; failure of a plan
abscess - symptom consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
abstinence - act or practice of refraining from indulging an appetite; the trait of abstaining (especially from alcohol)
acetaminophen - an analgesic for mild pain; also used as an antipyretic; (Datril, Tylenol, Panadol, Phenaphen, Tempra, and Anacin III are trademarks of brands of acetaminophen tablets)
acetylcholine - a neurotransmitter that is a derivative of choline; released at the ends of nerve fibers in the somatic and parasympathetic nervous systems
achondroplasia - an inherited skeletal disorder beginning before birth; cartilage is converted to bone resulting in dwarfism
acne - an inflammatory disease involving the sebaceous glands of the skin; characterized by papules or pustules or comedones
acromegaly - enlargement of bones of hands and feet and face; often accompanied by headache and muscle pain and emotional disturbances; caused by overproduction of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary gland (due to a tumor)
actinic keratosis - an overgrowth of skin layers resulting from extended exposure to the sun
active immunity - a form of acquired immunity in which the body produces its own antibodies against disease-causing antigens
acupuncture - treatment of pain or disease by inserting the tips of needles at specific points on the skin
acute lymphocytic leukemia - acute leukemia characterized by proliferation of immature lymphoblast-like cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and blood; most common in children
addiction - (Roman law) a formal award by a magistrate of a thing or person to another person (as the award of a debtor to his creditor); a surrender to a master; an abnormally strong craving; being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)
adenocarcinoma - malignant tumor originating in glandular epithelium
adenoma - a benign epithelial tumor of glandular origin
adenomyosis - the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrhea
adenosine triphosphate - a nucleotide derived from adenosine that occurs in muscle tissue; the major source of energy for cellular reactions
adenosine - (biochemistry) a nucleoside that is a structural component of nucleic acids; it is present in all living cells in a combined form as a constituent of DNA and RNA and ADP and ATP and AMP
adenovirus - any of a group of viruses including those that in humans cause upper respiratory infections or infectious pinkeye
adipose tissue - a kind of body tissue containing stored fat that serves as a source of energy; it also cushions and insulates vital organs
adipose - composed of animal fat
adolescence - in the state that someone is in between puberty and adulthood; the time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood
adoption - the act of accepting with approval; favorable reception; a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by blood; the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents (including the right to inherit); the appropriation (of ideas or words etc) from another source
adrenal cortex - the cortex of the adrenal gland; secretes corticosterone and sex hormones
adrenocorticotropic hormone - a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal cortex
adult - (of animals) fully developed; any mature animal; a fully developed person from maturity onward
aerobic exercise - exercise that increases the need for oxygen
age-related - changing (increasing or decreasing) as an individual's age increases
age - how long something has existed; a time in life (usually defined in years) at which some particular qualification or power arises; a late time of life; a prolonged period of time; an era of history having some distinctive feature; verb begin to seem older; get older; make older; grow old or older
aging - growing old; the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age; acquiring desirable qualities by being left undisturbed for some time
albinism - the congenital absence of pigmentation in the eyes and skin and hair
albumin - a simple water-soluble protein found in many animal tissues and liquids
albuminuria - the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder
alcohol - a liquor or brew containing alcohol as the active agent; any of a series of volatile hydroxyl compounds that are made from hydrocarbons by distillation
alcoholism - habitual intoxication; prolonged and excessive intake of alcoholic drinks leading to a breakdown in health and an addiction to alcohol such that abrupt deprivation leads to severe withdrawal symptoms; an intense persistent desire to drink alcoholic beverages to excess
aldosterone - a corticosteroid hormone that is secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland; regulates salt (sodium and potassium) and water balance
aldosteronism - a condition caused by overproduction of aldosterone
allele - either of a pair (or series) of alternative forms of a gene that can occupy the same locus on a particular chromosome and that control the same character
allergen - any substance that can cause an allergy
allergic reaction - hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity
allergic rhinitis - rhinitis caused by an allergic reaction
allergy - hypersensitivity reaction to a particular allergen; symptoms can vary greatly in intensity
alopecia areata - patchy baldness
alopecia - loss of hair (especially on the head) or loss of wool or feathers; in humans it can result from heredity or hormonal imbalance or certain diseases or drugs and treatments (chemotherapy for cancer)
alpha fetoprotein - an abnormally large amount of this fetoprotein in the fetus can signal an abnormality of the neural tube (as spina bifida or anencephaly)
alpha - early testing stage of a software or hardware product; first in order of importance; the 1st letter of the Greek alphabet; the beginning of a series or sequence
altitude sickness - effects (as nosebleed or nausea) of oxygen deficiency in the blood and tissues at high altitudes
alveolus - a tiny sac for holding air in the lungs; formed by the terminal dilation of tiny air passageways; a bony socket in the alveolar ridge that holds a tooth
amblyopia - visual impairment without apparent organic pathology
amebiasis - infection by a disease-causing ameba
amenorrhea - absence or suppression of normal menstrual flow
amino acid - organic compounds containing an amino group and a carboxylic acid group
amnesia - partial or total loss of memory
amniocentesis - (pregnancy) extraction by centesis of amniotic fluid from a pregnant woman (after the 15th week of pregnancy) to aid in the diagnosis of fetal abnormalities
amniotic fluid - the serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended inside the amnion
ampicillin - semisynthetic penicillin (trade names Principen and Polycillin and SK-Ampicillin)
amputation - a surgical removal of all or part of a limb; a condition of disability resulting from the loss of one or more limbs
amygdala - an almond-shaped neural structure in the anterior part of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum; intimately connected with the hypothalamus and the hippocampus and the cingulate gyrus; as part of the limbic system it plays an important role in motivation and emotional behavior
amyloidosis - a disorder characterized by deposit of amyloid in organs or tissues; often secondary to chronic rheumatoid arthritis or tuberculosis or multiple myeloma
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - thickening of tissue in the motor tracts of the lateral columns and anterior horns of the spinal cord; results in progressive muscle atrophy that starts in the limbs
analgesia - absence of the sense of pain without loss of consciousness
analgesic - capable of relieving pain; a medicine used to relieve pain
anaphylaxis - hypersensitivity reaction to the ingestion or injection of a substance (a protein or drug) resulting from prior contact with a substance
ancient - very old; belonging to times long past especially of the historical period before the fall of the Western Roman Empire; a person who lived in ancient times; a very old person
anemia - genus of terrestrial or lithophytic ferns having pinnatifid fronds; chiefly of tropical America; a deficiency of red blood cells; a lack of vitality
anesthesia - loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness
aneurysm - a cardiovascular disease characterized by a saclike widening of an artery resulting from weakening of the artery wall
angina pectoris - a heart condition marked by paroxysms of chest pain due to reduced oxygen to the heart
angiogenesis - the formation of new blood vessels
angiogram - an X-ray representation of blood vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance
angioma - a tumor consisting of a mass of blood or lymphatic vessels
angioplasty - an operation to repair a damaged blood vessel or unblock a coronary artery
angiotensin II - a potent vasopressor agent formed from angiotensin I
angiotensin converting enzyme - proteolytic enzyme that converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II
ankylosing spondylitis - a chronic form of spondylitis primarily in males and marked by impaired mobility of the spine; sometimes leads to ankylosis
anomaly - (astronomy) position of a planet as defined by its angular distance from its perihelion (as observed from the sun); a person who is unusual; deviation from the normal or common order or form or rule
anorexia nervosa - (psychiatry) a psychological disorder characterized by somatic delusions that you are too fat despite being emaciated
antagonist - a drug that neutralizes or counteracts the effects of another drug; a muscle that relaxes while another contracts; someone who offers opposition
anthracosis - lung disease caused by inhaling coal dust
anthrax - a disease of humans that is not communicable; caused by infection with Bacillus anthracis followed by septicemia; a highly infectious animal disease (especially cattle and sheep); it can be transmitted to people
antibody - any of a large variety of proteins normally present in the body or produced in response to an antigen which it neutralizes, thus producing an immune response
antidiuretic hormone - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitressin) and also by nerve endings in the hypothalamus; affects blood pressure by stimulating capillary muscles and reduces urine flow by affecting reabsorption of water by kidney tubules
antigen - any substance (as a toxin or enzyme) that stimulates an immune response in the body (especially the production of antibodies)
antioxidant - substance that inhibits oxidation or inhibits reactions promoted by oxygen or peroxides
antitoxin - an antibody that can neutralize a specific toxin
antivenin - an antitoxin that counteracts the effects of venom from the bite of a snake or insect or other animal
anuria - inability to urinate
anus - excretory opening at the end of the alimentary canal
anxiety - a vague unpleasant emotion that is experienced in anticipation of some (usually ill-defined) misfortune; a relatively permanent state of anxiety occurring in a variety of mental disorders
aorta - the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries
aortic stenosis - abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve
aphasia - inability to use or understand language (spoken or written) because of a brain lesion
aphrodisiac - exciting sexual desire; a drug or other agent that stimulates sexual desire
aplastic anemia - anemia characterized by pancytopenia resulting from failure of the bone marrow; can be caused by neoplasm or by toxic exposure
apnea - transient cessation of respiration
apoptosis - a type of cell death in which the cell uses specialized cellular machinery to kill itself; a cell suicide mechanism that enables metazoans to control cell number and eliminate cells that threaten the animal's survival
appearance - the act of appearing in public view; pretending that something is the case in order to make a good impression; formal attendance (in court or at a hearing) of a party in an action; outward or visible aspect of a person or thing; a mental representation; the event of coming into sight
appendectomy - surgical removal of the vermiform appendix
appendicitis - inflammation of the vermiform appendix
appendicular skeleton - the part of the skeleton that includes the pectoral girdle and the pelvic girdle and the upper and lower limbs
appendix - a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch; supplementary material that is collected and appended at the back of a book
appetite - a feeling of craving something
apraxia - inability to make purposeful movements
aqueous humor - the limpid fluid within the eyeball between the cornea and the lens
arrhythmia - an abnormal rate of muscle contractions in the heart
arterial plaque - a fatty deposit inside an arterial wall; characteristic of atherosclerosis
arteriosclerosis - sclerosis of the arterial walls
artery - a major thoroughfare that bears important traffic; a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body
arthritis - inflammation of a joint or joints
arthroscopy - a minimally invasive operation to repair a damaged joint; the surgeon examines the joint with an arthroscope while making repairs through a small incision
asbestosis - lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos particles
ascites - accumulation of serous fluid in peritoneal cavity
aspergillosis - disease especially in agricultural workers caused by inhalation of Aspergillus spores causing lumps in skin and ears and respiratory organs; an opportunistic infection by a fungus of the genus Aspergillus; characterized by inflammation and lesions of the ear and other organs; severe respiratory disease of birds that takes the form of an acute rapidly fatal pneumonia in young chickens and turkeys
asphyxia - a condition in which insufficient or no oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged on a ventilatory basis; caused by choking or drowning or electric shock or poison gas
aspiration - a will to succeed; a manner of articulation involving an audible release of breath; the act of inhaling; the drawing in of air (or other gases) as in breathing; a cherished desire
aspirin - the acetylated derivative of salicylic acid; used as an analgesic anti-inflammatory drug (trade names Bayer and Empirin) usually taken in tablet form; used as an antipyretic; slows clotting of the blood by poisoning platelets
asthma - respiratory disorder characterized by wheezing; usually of allergic origin
astigmatism - (optics) defect in an optical system in which light rays from a single point fail to converge in a single focal point; (ophthalmology) impaired eyesight resulting usually from irregular conformation of the cornea
ataxia - inability to coordinate voluntary muscle movements; unsteady movements and staggering gait
atelectasis - collapse of an expanded lung (especially in infants); also failure of pulmonary alveoli to expand at birth
atheroma - a fatty deposit in the intima (inner lining) of an artery; can obstruct blood flow
atherosclerosis - a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls
athetosis - a continuous succession of slow, writhing, involuntary movements of the hands and feet and other body parts
athlete's foot - fungal infection of the feet
atopy - an allergic reaction that becomes apparent in a sensitized person only minutes after contact
atrial fibrillation - fibrillation of the muscles of the atria of the heart
atrial septal defect - an abnormal opening between the left and right atria of the heart
atrioventricular - relating to or affecting the atria and ventricles of the heart
atrophic - relating to or characterized by atrophy
auditory canal - either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
auricle - the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear; a small conical pouch projecting from the upper anterior part of each atrium of the heart
auscultation - listening to sounds within the body (usually with a stethoscope)
autism - (psychiatry) an abnormal absorption with the self; marked by communication disorders and short attention span and inability to treat others as people
autoantibody - an antibody acting against tissues of the organism that produces it
autograft - tissue that is taken from one site and grafted to another site on the same person
autonomic nervous system - the part of the nervous system of vertebrates that controls involuntary actions of the smooth muscles and heart and glands
autosome - any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome; appear in pairs in body cells but as single chromosomes in spermatozoa
avulsion - a forcible tearing or surgical separation of one body part from another; an abrupt change in the course of a stream that forms the boundary between two parcels of land resulting in the loss of part of the land of one landowner and a consequent increase in the land of another
axial skeleton - the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs
axon - long nerve fiber that conducts away from the cell body of the neuron
bacteria - (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered plants
balanitis - inflammation of the head of the penis
barium enema - contrast medium is injected into the rectum and x-rays are taken to search for lesions
basal metabolic rate - the rate at which heat is produced by an individual in a resting state
basophil - a leukocyte with basophilic granules easily stained by basic stains
bedsore - a chronic ulcer of the skin caused by prolonged pressure on it (as in bedridden patients)
benign prostatic hyperplasia - enlarged prostate; appears to be part of the natural aging process
benign tumor - a tumor that is not cancerous
benign - pleasant and beneficial in nature or influence; kindness of disposition or manner; not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive (especially of a tumor)
beriberi - avitaminosis caused by lack of thiamine (vitamin B1)
beta blocker - any of various drugs used in treating hypertension or arrhythmia; decreases force and rate of heart contractions by blocking beta-adrenergic receptors of the autonomic nervous system
bilberry - blue-black berries similar to American blueberries; erect blueberry of western United States having solitary flowers and somewhat sour berries; erect European blueberry having solitary flowers and blue-black berries
bile - a digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder; aids in the digestion of fats
bilirubin - an orange-yellow pigment in the bile that forms as a product of hemoglobin; excess amounts in the blood produce the yellow appearance observed in jaundice
biofeedback - a training program in which a person is given information about physiological processes (heart rate or blood pressure) that is not normally available with the goal of gaining conscious control of them
biotechnology - the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments; the branch of molecular biology that studies the use of microorganisms to perform specific industrial processes
bioterrorism - terrorism using the weapons of biological warfare
bipolar disorder - a mental disorder characterized by episodes of mania and depression
birthmark - a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth
black cohosh - North American bugbane found from Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin and south to Georgia
black eye - a bad reputation; an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating; a swollen bruise caused by a blow to the eye
bladder - a bag that fills with air; a distensible membranous sac (usually containing liquid or gas)
blastocyst - the blastula of mammals
blastoma - a tumor composed of immature undifferentiated cells
bleeding - flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessels
blepharitis - inflammation of the eyelids characterized by redness and swelling and dried crusts
blepharospasm - spasm of the eyelid muscle resulting in closure of the eye
blind spot - the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light; a subject about which you are ignorant or prejudiced and fail to exercise good judgment
blister - (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid; verb get blistered; cause blisters to from on; subject to harsh criticism
blocker - a class of drugs that inhibit (block) some biological process; a football player whose responsibility is to block players attempting to stop an offensive play
blood pressure - the pressure of the circulating blood against the walls of the blood vessels; results from the systole of the left ventricle of the heart; sometimes measured for a quick evaluation of a person's health
blood transfusion - the introduction of blood or blood plasma into a vein or artery
blood type - human blood cells (usually just the red blood cells) that have the same antigens
blood - temperament or disposition; the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped by the heart; people viewed as members of a group; the descendants of one individual; a dissolute man in fashionable society; verb smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
bloodletting - formerly used as a treatment to reduce excess blood (one of the four humors of medieval medicine); indiscriminate slaughter
blunt trauma - injury incurred when the human body hits or is hit by a large outside object (as a car)
boil - a painful sore with a hard core filled with pus; the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level; verb cook in boiling liquid; bring to, or maintain at, the boiling point; come to the boiling point and change from a liquid to vapor; be in an agitated emotional state; be agitated
bone cell - a cell that is part of a bone
bone marrow - the fatty network of connective tissue that fills the cavities of bones; very tender and very nutritious tissue from marrowbones
bone - consisting of or made up of bone; a shade of white the color of bleached bones; rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton of vertebrates; the porous calcified substance from which bones are made; verb remove the bones from; study intensively, as before an exam
boswellia - genus of trees of North Africa and India that yield incense
botulism - food poisoning from ingesting botulin; not infectious; affects the CNS; can be fatal if not treated promptly
bowel movement - a euphemism for defecation
bradycardia - abnormally slow heartbeat
braille - a point system of writing in which patterns of raised dots represent letters and numerals; French educator who lost his sight at the age of three and who invented a system of writing and printing for sightless people (1809-1852); verb transcribe in Braille
brain death - death when respiration and other reflexes are absent; consciousness is gone; organs can be removed for transplantation before the heartbeat stops
brain tumor - a tumor in the brain
brain - that part of the central nervous system that includes all the higher nervous centers; enclosed within the skull; continuous with the spinal cord; mental ability; the brain of certain animals used as meat; that which is responsible for one's thoughts and feelings; the seat of the faculty of reason; someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality; verb kill by smashing someone's skull; hit on the head
brainstem - the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus
breast cancer - cancer of the breast; one of the most common malignancies in women in the US
breast - the front part of the trunk from the neck to the abdomen; either of two soft fleshy milk-secreting glandular organs on the chest of a woman; meat carved from the breast of a fowl; verb reach the summit; meet at breast level; confront bodily
breathing - passing or able to pass air in and out of the lungs normally; sometimes used in combination; the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation; the process of taking in oxygen from inhaled air and releasing carbon dioxide by exhalation
bronchitis - inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
bronchus - either of the two main branches of the trachea
bruise - an injury that doesn't break the skin but results in some discoloration; verb damage (plant tissue) by abrasion of pressure; break up into small pieces for food preparation; injure the underlying soft tissue of bone of; hurt the feelings of
bulla - the round leaden seal affixed to a papal bull; (pathology) an elevation of the skin filled with serous fluid
bundle of His - a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract
burns - celebrated Scottish poet (1759-1796); United States comedian and film actor (1896-1996)
bursa - a small fluid-filled sac located between movable parts of the body especially at joints; a city in northwestern Turkey
bursitis - inflammation of a bursa; frequently in the shoulder
buspirone - a drug (trade name BuSpar) designed specifically for anxiety
c-section - the delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the abdominal wall and uterus (from the belief that Julius Caesar was born that way)
caffeine - a bitter alkaloid found in coffee and tea that is responsible for their stimulating effects
calcitonin - thyroid hormone that tends to lower the level of calcium in the blood plasma and inhibit resorption of bone
calcium - a white metallic element that burns with a brilliant light; the fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust; an important component of most plants and animals
callus - (botany) an isolated thickening of tissue, especially a stiff protuberance on the lip of an orchid; bony tissue formed during the healing of a fractured bone; an area of skin that is thick or hard from continual pressure or friction (as the sole of the foot); verb form a callus or calluses; cause a callus to form on
calorie - unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure; a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure; used by nutritionists to characterize the energy-producing potential in food
cancellous - having an open or latticed or porous structure
cancer - type genus of the family Cancridae; the fourth sign of the zodiac; the sun is in this sign from about June 21 to July 22; a small zodiacal constellation in the northern hemisphere; between Leo and Gemini; (astrology) a person who is born while the sun is in Cancer; any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream
cancerous - like a cancer; an evil that grows and spreads; relating to or affected with cancer
candidiasis - an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans)
canker sore - an ulceration (especially of the lips or lining of the mouth)
cannabis - the most commonly used illicit drug; considered a soft drug, it consists of the dried leaves of the hemp plant; smoked or chewed for euphoric effect; any plant of the genus Cannabis; a coarse bushy annual with palmate leaves and clusters of small green flowers; yields tough fibers and narcotic drugs
canned foods - food preserved by canning
carbohydrate loading - a diet of foods high in starch that increases carbohydrate reserves in muscles
carbon dioxide - a heavy odorless colorless gas formed during respiration and by the decomposition of organic substances; absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis
carbon monoxide - an odorless very poisonous gas that is a product of incomplete combustion of carbon
carbuncle - an infection larger than a boil and with several openings for discharge of pus; deep-red cabochon garnet cut without facets
carcinogen - any substance that produces cancer
carcinoma - any malignant tumor derived from epithelial tissue; one of the four major types of cancer
cardiac arrest - absence of systole; failure of the ventricles of the heart to contract (usually caused by ventricular fibrillation) with consequent absence of the heart beat leading to oxygen lack and eventually to death
cardiac cycle - the complete cycle of events in the heart from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of the next; an electrical impulse conducted through the heart muscle that constricts the atria which is followed by constriction of the ventricles
cardiac output - the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time
cardiac tamponade - mechanical compression of the heart resulting from large amounts of fluid collecting in the pericardial space and limiting the heart's normal range of motion
cardiac - of or relating to the heart
cardiomyopathy - a disorder (usually of unknown origin) of the heart muscle (myocardium)
cardiopulmonary resuscitation - an emergency procedure consisting of external cardiac massage and artificial respiration; the first treatment for a person who has collapsed and has no pulse and has stopped breathing; attempts to restore circulation of the blood and prevent death or brain damage due to lack of oxygen
cardiovascular disease - a disease of the heart or blood vessels
cardiovascular system - the organs and tissues involved in circulating blood and lymph through the body
carpal tunnel syndrome - a painful disorder caused by compression of a nerve in the carpal tunnel; characterized by discomfort and weakness in the hands and fingers and by sensations of tingling, burning or numbness
cartilage - tough elastic tissue; mostly converted to bone in adults
cascade - a succession of stages or operations or processes or units; a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls; a sudden downpour (as of tears or sparks etc) likened to a rain shower; verb arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible; rush down in big quantities, like a cascade
catabolism - breakdown in living organisms of more complex substances into simpler ones together with release of energy
cataract - a large waterfall; violent rush of water over a precipice; clouding of the natural lens of the eye
catheter - a thin flexible tube inserted into the body to permit introduction or withdrawal of fluids or to keep the passageway open
cauliflower ear - an auricle deformed by injury; common among boxers
cecum - the cavity in which the large intestine begins and into which the ileum opens
celiac disease - a disorder in children and adults; inability to tolerate wheat protein (gluten); symptoms include foul-smelling diarrhea and emaciation; often accompanied by lactose intolerance
cell division - the process in reproduction and growth by which a cell divides to form daughter cells
cellulitis - an inflammation of body tissue (especially that below the skin) characterized by fever and swelling and redness and pain
central nervous system - the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord
centromere - a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape
cerebellum - a major division of the vertebrate brain; situated above the medulla oblongata and beneath the cerebrum in humans
cerebral cortex - the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
cerebral palsy - a loss or deficiency of motor control with involuntary spasms caused by permanent brain damage present at birth
cerebrospinal fluid - clear liquid produced in the ventricles of the brain; fills and protects cavities in the brain and spinal cord
cerumen - a soft yellow wax secreted by glands in the ear canal
cervix - necklike opening to the uterus; the part of an organism that connects the head to the rest of the body
cesarean section - the delivery of a fetus by surgical incision through the abdominal wall and uterus (from the belief that Julius Caesar was born that way)
chafing - soreness or irritation of the skin caused by friction
chalazion - a small sebaceous cyst of the eyelid resulting when a Meibomian gland is blocked
chambers - English architect (1723-1796)
chamomile - Eurasian plant apple-scented foliage and white-rayed flowers and feathery leaves used medicinally; in some classification systems placed in genus Anthemis
chemotherapy - the use of chemical agents to treat or control disease (or mental illness)
chest pain - pain in the chest
chi - the 22nd letter of the Greek alphabet; the circulating life energy that in Chinese philosophy is thought to be inherent in all things; in traditional Chinese medicine the balance of negative and positive forms in the body is believed to be essential for good health
chickenpox - an acute contagious disease caused by herpes varicella zoster virus; causes a rash of vesicles on the face and body
child abuse - the physical or emotional or sexual mistreatment of children
childbirth - the parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child
chiropractic - a method of treatment that manipulates body structures (especially the spine) to relieve low back pain or even headache or high blood pressure
chlamydia - coccoid rickettsia infesting birds and mammals; cause infections of eyes and lungs and genitourinary tract; a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria of the genus Chlamydia
chloasma - a tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
chloral hydrate - a colorless crystalline drug used as a sedative; irritates the stomach and can be addictive
chlordiazepoxide - a tranquilizer (trade names Librium and Libritabs) used in the treatment of alcoholism
cholecystectomy - surgical removal of the gall bladder (usually for relief of gallstone pain)
cholelithiasis - the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
cholera - an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food
cholestasis - a condition in which little or no bile is secreted or the flow of bile into the digestive tract is obstructed
cholesterol - an animal sterol that is normally synthesized by the liver; the most abundant steroid in animal tissues
chorea - any of several degenerative nervous disorders characterized by spasmodic movements of the body and limbs; chorea in dogs
choroid - a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera
chromatid - one of two identical strands into which a chromosome splits during mitosis
chromosome - a threadlike body in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order
chyme - a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
cigar - a roll of tobacco for smoking
ciprofloxacin - an oral antibiotic (trade name Cipro) used against serious bacterial infections of the skin or respiratory tract or urinary tract or bones or joints
circle of Willis - a ring of arteries at the base of the brain
circumcision - the act of circumcising; surgical removal of the foreskin of males; the act of circumcising performed on males eight days after birth as a Jewish and Muslim religious rite; (Roman Catholic Church and Anglican Church) feast day celebrating the circumcision of Jesus; celebrated on January 1st
circumflex artery - any of several paired curving arteries
cirrhosis - a chronic disease interfering with the normal functioning of the liver; the major cause is chronic alcoholism
class - elegance in dress or behavior; people having the same social or economic status; a collection of things sharing a common attribute; (biology) a taxonomic group containing one or more orders; a body of students who are taught together; a body of students who graduate together; a league ranked by quality; education imparted in a series of lessons or meetings; verb arrange or order by classes or categories
cleaning - the act of making something clean
cleft palate - a congenital fissure of the hard palate
clitoris - a female sexual organ homologous to the penis
cloning - a general term for the research activity that creates a copy of some biological entity (a gene or organism or cell)
closed fracture - an uncomplicated fracture in which the broken bones to not pierce the skin
clozapine - an antipsychotic drug (trade name Clozaril) used as a sedative and for treatment-resistant schizophrenia; know to have few side effects
clubfoot - congenital deformity of the foot usually marked by a curled shape or twisted position of the ankle and heel and toes
cluster headache - a painful recurring headache associated with the release of histamine from cells
coagulation - the process of forming semisolid lumps in a liquid
cocaine - a narcotic (alkaloid) extracted from coca leaves; used as a surface anesthetic or taken for pleasure; can become powerfully addictive
coccidioidomycosis - an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules
cochlea - the snail-shaped tube (in the inner ear coiled around the modiolus) where sound vibrations are converted into nerve impulses by the organ of Corti
codeine - derivative of opium; used as an antitussive (to relieve coughing) and an analgesic (to relive pain)
coenzyme Q - any of several quinones found in living cells and that function as coenzymes that transfer electrons from one molecule to another in cell respiration
cold sore - caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)
colitis - inflammation of the colon
collagen - a fibrous scleroprotein in bone and cartilage and tendon and other connective tissue; yields gelatin on boiling
colonoscopy - visual examination of the colon (with a colonoscope) from the cecum to the rectum; requires sedation
colostomy - a surgical operation that creates an opening from the colon to the surface of the body to function as an anus
coma - a state of deep and often prolonged unconsciousness; usually the result of disease or injury; (astronomy) the luminous cloud of particles surrounding the frozen nucleus of a comet; forms as the comet approaches the sun and is warmed; a usually terminal tuft of hairs especially on a seed
complement - something added to complete or make perfect; either of two parts that mutually complete each other; a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction; number needed to make up a whole force; a complete number or quantity; one of a series of enzymes in the blood serum that are part of the immune response; verb make complete or perfect; supply what is wanting or form the complement to
compression - applying pressure; encoding information while reducing the bandwidth or bits required; the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together; an increase in the density of something
computed tomography - a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis
conception - the act of becoming pregnant; fertilization of an ovum by a spermatozoon; the creation of something in the mind; an abstract or general idea inferred or derived from specific instances; the event that occurred at the beginning of something
concussion - any violent blow; injury to the brain caused by a blow; usually resulting in loss of consciousness
conditioning - a learning process in which an organism's behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment
confidentiality - discretion in keeping secret information; the state of being secret
congenital anomaly - a defect that is present at birth
congestive heart failure - inability to pump enough blood to avoid congestion in the tissues
conjunctiva - a transparent membrane covering the eyeball and under surface of the eyelid
conjunctivitis - inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye
connective tissue - tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments
consciousness - an alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation; having knowledge of
constipation - irregular and infrequent or difficult evacuation of the bowels; can be a symptom of intestinal obstruction or diverticulitis; the act of making something futile and useless (as by routine)
consumption - the act of consuming something; the process of taking food into the body through the mouth (as by eating); (economics) the utilization of economic goods to satisfy needs or in manufacturing; involving the lungs with progressive wasting of the body
contact dermatitis - a delayed type of allergic reaction of the skin resulting from skin contact with a specific allergen (such as poison ivy)
contact lens - a thin curved glass or plastic lens designed to fit over the cornea in order to correct vision or to deliver medication
contraception - birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs or surgery
contraction - the act of decreasing (something) in size or volume or quantity or scope; (physiology) a shortening or tensing of a part or organ (especially of a muscle or muscle fiber); a word formed from two or more words by omitting or combining some sounds; the process or result of becoming smaller or pressed together
contracture - an abnormal and usually permanent contraction of a muscle
conversion disorder - a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause)
cornea - transparent anterior portion of the outer covering of the eye; it covers the lens and iris and is continuous with the sclera
coronary artery bypass graft - open-heart surgery in which the rib cage is opened and a section of a blood vessel is grafted from the aorta to the coronary artery to bypass the blocked section of the coronary artery and improve the blood supply to the heart
coronary artery disease - a stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (atheromas) inside the arterial walls
corpus luteum - yellow endocrine tissue that forms in a ruptured Graafian follicle following the release of an ovum
cortex - the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal; the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum
cortisol - an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
cosmetic surgery - plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face; an incision is made near the hair line and skin is pulled back and excess tissue is excised
cough - the act of exhaling air suddenly with a noise; sudden expulsion of air from the lungs that clears the air passages; a common symptom of upper respiratory infection or bronchitis or pneumonia or tuberculosis; verb exhale abruptly, as when one has a chest cold or congestion
coxsackievirus - enterovirus causing a disease resembling poliomyelitis but without paralysis
cradle cap - a dermatitis of the scalp that is common in infants
cramp - a strip of metal with ends bent at right angles; used to hold masonry together; a clamp for holding pieces of wood together while they are glued; a painful and involuntary muscular contraction; verb secure with a cramp; prevent the progress or free movement of
cranium - the part of the skull that encloses the brain
croup - a disease of infants and young children; harsh coughing and hoarseness and fever and difficult breathing; the part of a quadruped that corresponds to the human buttocks
cryptococcosis - a fungal infection characterized by nodular lesions--first in the lungs and spreading to the nervous system
cryptorchidism - failure of one or both testes to move into the scrotum as the male fetus develops
cyanosis - a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes; a sign that oxygen in the blood is dangerously diminished (as in carbon monoxide poisoning)
cyclooxygenase - either of two related enzymes that control the production of prostaglandins and are blocked by aspirin
cyclothymic disorder - a mild bipolar disorder that persists over a long time
cyst - a closed sac that develops abnormally in some body structure; a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)
cystic fibrosis - the most common congenital disease; the child's lungs and intestines and pancreas become clogged with thick mucus; caused by defect in a single gene; there is no cure
cystitis - inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters
cystocele - hernia in which the urinary bladder protrudes through the wall of the vagina; sometimes occurs after childbirth
cytomegalovirus - any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems
dacryocystitis - inflammation of the lacrimal sac causing obstruction of the tube draining tears into the nose
dandruff - loose scales shed from the scalp; a condition in which white scales of dead skin are shed by the scalp
date rape - rape in which the rapist is known to the victim (as when they are on a date together)
death - the act of killing; the event of dying or departure from life; the personification of death; the permanent end of all life functions in an organism or part of an organism; the absence of life or state of being dead; the time at which life ends; continuing until dead; the time when something ends; a final state
debridement - surgical removal of foreign material and dead tissue from a wound in order to prevent infection and promote healing
decompression sickness - pain resulting from rapid change in pressure
decubitus ulcer - a chronic ulcer of the skin caused by prolonged pressure on it (as in bedridden patients)
defibrillation - treatment by stopping fibrillation of heart muscles (usually by electric shock delivered by a defibrillator)
defibrillator - an electronic device that administers an electric shock of preset voltage to the heart through the chest wall in an attempt to restore the normal rhythm of the heart during ventricular fibrillation
deficiency - lack of an adequate quantity or number; the state of needing something that is absent or unavailable
deformity - an affliction in which some part of the body is misshapen or malformed; an appearance that has been spoiled or is misshapen
degeneration - passing from a more complex to a simpler biological form; the process of declining from a higher to a lower level of effective power or vitality or essential quality; the state of being degenerate in mental or moral qualities
dehydration - the process of extracting moisture; depletion of bodily fluids; dryness resulting from the removal of water
delayed - caused to be slower or later; not as far along as normal in development
delirium tremens - acute delirium caused by alcohol poisoning
delirium - a usually brief state of excitement and mental confusion often accompanied by hallucinations; state of violent mental agitation
delusion - the act of deluding; deception by creating illusory ideas; a mistaken or unfounded opinion or idea; (psychology) an erroneous belief that is held in the face of evidence to the contrary
dementia - mental deterioration of organic or functional origin
dendrite - short fiber that conducts toward the cell body of the neuron
dental caries - soft decayed area in a tooth; progressive decay can lead to the death of a tooth
dental - of or relating to the teeth; of or relating to dentistry; a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the gum ridge
deoxyribonucleic acid - (biochemistry) a long linear polymer found in the nucleus of a cell and formed from nucleotides and shaped like a double helix; associated with the transmission of genetic information
dependence - lack of independence or self-sufficiency; being abnormally tolerant to and dependent on something that is psychologically or physically habit-forming (especially alcohol or narcotic drugs)
dermabrasion - removal of scars or tattoos by anesthetizing the skin surface and then sanding or scraping off some of the outer skin layer
dermatitis - inflammation of the skin; skin becomes itchy and may develop blisters
dermatome - a surgical instrument used to cut very thin slices of skin
dermis - the deep vascular inner layer of the skin
desensitization - the process of reducing sensitivity
detoxification - treatment for poisoning by neutralizing the toxic properties (normally a function of the liver); a treatment for addiction to drugs or alcohol intended to remove the physiological effects of the addictive substances
diabetes insipidus - a rare form of diabetes resulting from a deficiency of vasopressin (the pituitary hormone that regulates the kidneys); characterized by the chronic excretion of large amounts of pale dilute urine which results in dehydration and extreme thirst
diabetes mellitus - diabetes caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of insulin and characterized by polyuria
diabetes - any of several metabolic disorders marked by excessive urination and persistent thirst
diaper rash - dermatitis of the thighs and buttocks of infants; supposedly caused by ammonia in the urine in the child's diapers
diaphragm - a mechanical device in a camera that controls size of aperture of the lens; electro-acoustic transducer that vibrates to receive or produce sound waves; a contraceptive device consisting of a flexible dome-shaped cup made of rubber or plastic; it is filled with spermicide and fitted over the uterine cervix; (anatomy) a muscular partition separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities; functions in respiration
diarrhea - frequent and watery bowel movements; can be a symptom of infection or food poisoning or colitis or a gastrointestinal tumor
diastole - the widening of the chambers of the heart between two contractions when the chambers fill with blood
diazepam - a tranquilizer (trade name Valium) used to relieve anxiety and relax muscles; acts by enhancing the inhibitory actions of the neurotransmitter GABA; can also be used as an anticonvulsant drug in cases of nerve agent poisoning
diet - the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods); the usual food and drink consumed by an organism (person or animal); a prescribed selection of foods; a legislative assembly in certain countries (e.g., Japan); verb eat sparingly, for health reasons or to lose weight; follow a regimen or a diet, as for health reasons
dietary - of or relating to the diet; a regulated daily food allowance
dieting - the act of restricting your food intake (or your intake of particular foods)
digestion - learning and coming to understand ideas and information; the organic process by which food is converted into substances that can be absorbed into the body; the process of decomposing organic matter (as in sewage) by bacteria or by chemical action or heat
digestive system - the system that makes food absorbable into the body
digitalis - a powerful cardiac stimulant obtained from foxglove; any of several plants of the genus Digitalis
digoxin - digitalis preparation (trade name Lanoxin) used to treat congestive heart failure or cardiac arrhythmia; helps the heart beat more forcefully
dilation and curettage - a surgical procedure usually performed under local anesthesia in which the cervix is dilated and the endometrial lining of the uterus is scraped with a curet; performed to obtain tissue samples or to stop prolonged bleeding or to remove small tumors or to remove fragments of placenta after childbirth or as a method of abortion
diphenhydramine - antihistamine (trade name Benadryl) used to treat allergic reactions involving the nasal passages (hay fever) and also to treat motion sickness
diphtheria - acute contagious infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae; marked by the formation of a false membrane in the throat and other air passages causing difficulty in breathing
diplopia - visual impairment in which an object is seen as two objects
disaccharide - any of a variety of carbohydrates that yield two monosaccharide molecules on complete hydrolysis
discoid lupus erythematosus - a chronic skin disease occurring primarily in women between the ages of 20 and 40; characterized by an eruption of red lesions over the cheeks and bridge of the nose
disease - an impairment of health or a condition of abnormal functioning
disk - a flat circular plate; something with a round shape like a flat circular plate; (computer science) a memory device consisting of a flat disk covered with a magnetic coating on which information is stored; sound recording consisting of a disk with a continuous groove; used to reproduce music by rotating while a phonograph needle tracks in the groove; verb draw a harrow over (land)
disorder - a disturbance of the peace or of public order; condition in which there is a disturbance of normal functioning; a condition in which things are not in their expected places; verb bring disorder to; disturb in mind or make uneasy or cause to be worried or alarmed
dissociative disorder - dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break down
disulfiram - a drug (trade name Antabuse) used in the treatment of alcoholism; causes nausea and vomiting if alcohol is ingested
diuretic - any substance that tends to increase the flow of urine
domestic violence - violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women
dopamine - a monoamine neurotransmitter found in the brain and essential for the normal functioning of the central nervous system; as a drug (trade names Dopastat and Intropin) it is used to treat shock and hypotension
dosage - the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time
dose - a measured portion of medicine taken at any one time; the quantity of an active agent (substance or radiation) taken in or absorbed at any one time; street name for lysergic acid diethylamide; a communicable infection transmitted by sexual intercourse or genital contact; verb treat with an agent; add (an agent) to; administer a drug to
double vision - visual impairment in which an object is seen as two objects
doxycycline - an antibiotic derived from tetracycline that is effective against many infections
drainage - emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it
drug - a substance that is used as a medicine or narcotic; verb administer a drug to; use recreational drugs
ductus arteriosus - a blood vessel in a fetus that bypasses pulmonary circulation by connecting the pulmonary artery directly to the ascending aorta; normally closes at birth
duodenum - the part of the small intestine between the stomach and the jejunum
dura mater - the outermost (and toughest) of the 3 meninges
dwarfism - a genetic abnormality resulting in short stature
dysfunction - (medicine) any disturbance in the function of an organ or body part
dyskinesia - abnormality in performing voluntary muscle movements
dysmenorrhea - painful menstruation
dyspepsia - a disorder of digestive function characterized by discomfort or heartburn or nausea
dysphagia - condition in which swallowing is difficult or painful
dysplasia - abnormal development (of organs or cells) or an abnormal structure resulting from such growth
dyspnea - difficult or labored respiration
dystrophy - any degenerative disorder resulting from inadequate or faulty nutrition; any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles
dysuria - painful or difficult urination
ear - the sense organ for hearing and equilibrium; good hearing; attention to what is said; fruiting spike of a cereal plant especially corn; the externally visible cartilaginous structure of the external ear
earache - an ache localized in the middle or inner ear
eardrum - the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound
ecchymosis - the escape of blood from ruptured blood vessels into the surrounding tissue to form a purple or black-and-blue spot on the skin; the purple or black-and-blue area resulting from a bruise
echinacea - small genus of North American coarse perennial herbs
echocardiogram - a graphical image of the heart produced by an echocardiograph
eclampsia - a toxic condition characterized by convulsions and possibly coma during or immediately after pregnancy
ecstasy - a state of being carried away by overwhelming emotion; a state of elated bliss; street names for methylenedioxymethamphetamine
ectopic pregnancy - pregnancy resulting from gestation elsewhere than in the uterus
edema - swelling from excessive accumulation of serous fluid in tissue
efficacy - capacity or power to produce a desired effect
eggs - oval reproductive body of a fowl (especially a hen) used as food
ejaculation - an abrupt emphatic exclamation expressing emotion; the discharge of semen in males
elastin - a fibrous scleroprotein found in elastic tissues such as the walls of arteries
elderly - advanced in years; (`aged' is proced as two syllables); people who are old collectively
electrocardiogram - a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
electroconvulsive therapy - the administration of a strong electric current that passes through the brain to induce convulsions and coma
electrocution - killing by electric shock; execution by electricity
electroencephalogram - a graphical record of electrical activity of the brain; produced by an electroencephalograph
electrolyte - a solution that conducts electricity
embryo - an animal organism in the early stages of growth and differentiation that in higher forms merge into fetal stages but in lower forms terminate in commencement of larval life; (botany) a minute rudimentary plant contained within a seed or an archegonium
emesis - the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth
emphysema - an abnormal condition of the lungs marked by decreased respiratory function; associated with smoking or chronic bronchitis or old age
enamel - any smooth glossy coating that resembles ceramic glaze; a paint that dries to a hard glossy finish; hard white substance covering the crown of a tooth; a colored glassy compound (opaque or partially opaque) that is fused to the surface of metal or glass or pottery for decoration or protection; verb coat, inlay, or surface with enamel
encephalitis - inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus; symptoms include headache and neck pain and drowsiness and nausea and fever (`phrenitis' is no longer in scientific use)
encephalopathy - any disorder or disease of the brain
endarterectomy - surgical removal of the inner lining of an artery that is clogged with atherosclerosis
endocarditis - inflammation of the endocardium and heart valves
endocardium - the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves
endocrine gland - any of the glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream
endocrine system - the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity
endogenous - derived or originating internally; of or resembling an endogen
endometrial cancer - cancer of the uterine lining
endometriosis - the presence of endometrium elsewhere than in the lining of the uterus; causes premenstrual pain and dysmenorrhea
endometrium - (pregnancy) the mucous membrane that lines the uterus; thickens under hormonal control and (if pregnancy does not occur) is shed in menstruation; if pregnancy occurs it is shed along with the placenta at parturition
endorphin - a neurochemical occurring naturally in the brain and having analgesic properties
endoscopy - visual examination of the interior of a hollow body organ by use of an endoscope
endotracheal tube - a catheter that is inserted into the trachea through the mouth or nose in order to maintain an open air passage or to deliver oxygen or to permit the suctioning of mucus or to prevent aspiration of the stomach contents
endurance - the power to withstand hardship or stress; a state of surviving; remaining alive
enema - injection of a liquid through the anus to stimulate evacuation; sometimes used for diagnostic purposes
enkephalin - an endorphin having opiate qualities that occurs in the brain and spinal cord and elsewhere
enucleation - surgical removal of something without cutting into it
enuresis - inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination
eosinophil - a leukocyte readily stained with eosin
ephedra - jointed and nearly leafless desert shrub having reduced scalelike leaves and reddish fleshy seeds
epicondylitis - painful inflammation of the muscles and soft tissues around an epicondyle
epidermis - the outer layer of the skin covering the exterior body surface of vertebrates
epididymis - a convoluted tubule in each testis; carries sperm to vas deferens
epididymitis - painful inflammation of the epididymis
epidural - on or outside the dura mater; regional anesthesia resulting from injection of an anesthetic into the epidural space of the spinal cord; sensation is lost in the abdominal and genital and pelvic areas; used in childbirth and gynecological surgery
epiglottis - a flap of cartilage that covers the windpipe while swallowing
epiglottitis - inflammation of the epiglottis; characterized by fever and a severe sore throat and difficulty in swallowing
epilepsy - a disorder of the central nervous system characterized by loss of consciousness and convulsions
epinephrine - a catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress (trade name Adrenalin); stimulates autonomic nerve action
epiphysis - the end of a long bone; initially separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage that eventually ossifies so the parts become fused; a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin
episcleritis - inflammation of the sclera of the eye
episiotomy - surgical incision of the perineum to enlarge the vagina and so facilitate delivery during childbirth
epispadias - a congenital abnormality in males in which the urethra is on the upper surface of the penis
epistaxis - bleeding from the nose
epithelium - membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
erectile dysfunction - impotence resulting from a man's inability to have or maintain an erection of his penis
erection - a structure that has been erected; an erect penis; the act of building or putting up
ergonomics - the branch of engineering science in which biological science is used to study the relation between workers and their environments
erysipelas - an acute streptococcal infection characterized by deep-red inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes
erythema multiforme - a red rash caused by hypersensitivity to a drug or disease or other allergen
erythema nodosum - skin condition characterized by tender red nodules on the shins and legs
erythrocyte - a mature blood cell that contains hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the bodily tissues; a biconcave disc that has no nucleus
erythromycin - an antibiotic (trade name Erythrocin or E-Mycin or Ethril or Ilosone or Pediamycin) obtained from the actinomycete Streptomyces erythreus; effective against many Gram-positive bacteria and some Gram-negative
erythropoiesis - the process of producing red blood cells by the stem cells in the bone marrow
erythropoietin - a glycoprotein secreted by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells
esophagitis - inflammation of the esophagus; often caused by gastroesophageal reflux
esophagus - the passage between the pharynx and the stomach
ethchlorvynol - a mild sedative-hypnotic drug (trade name Placidyl)
eustachian tube - either of the paired tubes connecting the middle ears to the nasopharynx; equalizes air pressure on the two sides of the eardrum
exophthalmos - protrusion of the eyeball from the socket
eye - a small hole or loop (as in a needle); the organ of sight; good discernment (either visually or as if visually); attention to what is seen; an area that is approximately central within some larger region; verb look at
eyeglasses - optical instrument consisting of a pair of lenses for correcting defective vision
eyes - opinion or judgment
facelift - a renovation that improves the outward appearance (as of a building) but usually does not involve major changes; plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face; an incision is made near the hair line and skin is pulled back and excess tissue is excised
facial nerve - cranial nerve that supplies facial muscles
family planning - limiting the number of children born
farsightedness - seeing ahead; knowing in advance; foreseeing; abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects
fascia - a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc
fatigue - (always used with a modifier) boredom resulting from overexposure to something; temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical or mental work; used of materials (especially metals) in a weakened state caused by long stress; labor of a nonmilitary kind done by soldiers (cleaning or digging or draining or so on); verb exhaust or get tired through overuse or great strain or stress; get tired of something or somebody
fecal impaction - accumulation of hardened feces in the rectum or lower colon which the person cannot move
feces - solid excretory product evacuated from the bowels
fentanyl - trade names of a narcotic analgesic that can be inhaled and that acts on the central nervous system and may become addictive; used as a veterinary anesthetic and with other drugs before, during, and after surgery; also used as a nonlethal gas to incapacitate people in hostage situations; also abused as a recreational drug
fertility - the state of being fertile; capable of producing offspring; the property of producing abundantly and sustaining vigorous and luxuriant growth; the ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1000 population per year
fertilization - making fertile as by applying fertilizer or manure; creation by the physical union of male and female gametes; of sperm and ova in an animal or pollen and ovule in a plant
fetal alcohol syndrome - a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant
fetus - an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal
fever - intense nervous anticipation; a rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection
feverfew - bushy aromatic European perennial herb having clusters of buttonlike white-rayed flower heads; valued traditionally for medicinal uses; sometimes placed in genus Chrysanthemum
fibrillation - act or process of forming fibrils; muscular twitching involving individual muscle fibers acting without coordination
fibrin - a white insoluble fibrous protein formed by the action of thrombin on fibrinogen when blood clots; it forms a network that traps red cells and platelets
fibroadenoma - benign and movable and firm and not tender tumor of the breast; common in young women and caused by high levels of estrogen
fibrocystic breast disease - the presence of one or more cysts in a breast
fibrosis - development of excess fibrous connective tissue in an organ
fibula - the outer and thinner of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
filtrate - the product of filtration; a gas or liquid that has been passed through a filter; verb remove by passing through a filter
finger - one of the parts of a glove that provides covering for a finger or thumb; any of the terminal members of the hand (sometimes excepting the thumb); the length of breadth of a finger used as a linear measure; verb indicate the fingering for the playing of musical scores for keyboard instruments; feel or handle with the fingers; search for on the computer; examine by touch
fitness - the condition of being suitable; the quality of being qualified; good physical condition; being in shape or in condition; fitness to traverse the seas
flashback - a transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story; an unexpected but vivid recurrence of a past experience (especially a recurrence of the effects of an hallucinogenic drug taken much earlier)
flatulence - a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal; pompously embellished language
flexibility - the quality of being adaptable or variable; the property of being flexible; easily bent or shaped; the trait of being easily persuaded
flu - an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
fluoridation - the addition of a fluoride to the water supply (to prevent dental decay)
fluoroscopy - examination of body structures using a fluoroscope
folic acid - a B vitamin that is essential for cell growth and reproduction
folliculitis - inflammation of a hair follicle
food poisoning - illness caused by poisonous or contaminated food
food pyramid - (ecology) a hierarchy of food chains with the principal predator at the top; each level preys on the level below
forebrain - the anterior portion of the brain; the part of the brain that develops from the anterior part of the neural tube
foreskin - a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis; a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris
formaldehyde - a colorless poisonous gas; made by the oxidation of methanol
formulary - of or relating to or of the nature of a formula; (pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation
foxglove - any of several plants of the genus Digitalis
fraction - a small part or item forming a piece of a whole; the quotient of two rational numbers; a component of a mixture that has been separated by a fractional process; verb perform a division
fracture - the act of cracking something; breaking of hard tissue such as bone; (geology) a crack in the earth's crust resulting from the displacement of one side with respect to the other; verb fracture a bone of; break (a bone); become fractured; violate or abuse; break into pieces; interrupt, break, or destroy
frontal lobe - that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the forehead
frostbite - destruction of tissue by freezing and characterized by tingling, blistering and possibly gangrene
fungal infection - an inflammatory condition caused by a fungus
fungus - a parasitic plant lacking chlorophyll and leaves and true stems and roots and reproducing by spores
furuncle - a painful sore with a hard core filled with pus
gag reflex - normal reflex consisting of retching; may be produced by touching the soft palate in the back of the mouth
gallbladder - a muscular sac attached to the liver that secretes bile and stores it until needed for digestion
gallop - a fast gait of a horse; a two-beat stride during which all four legs are off the ground simultaneously; verb ride at a galloping pace; cause to move at full gallop; go at galloping speed
gamete - a mature sexual reproductive cell having a single set of unpaired chromosomes
gamma aminobutyric acid - an amino acid that is found in the central nervous system; acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter
gamma hydroxybutyrate - a club drug available in liquid or powder form is taken orally (frequently combined with alcohol); used to incapacitate individuals for the commission of sexual assault and rape
gangrene - necrotic tissue; a mortified or gangrenous part or mass; the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply); verb undergo necrosis
garlic - aromatic bulb used as seasoning; bulbous herb of southern Europe widely naturalized; bulb breaks up into separate strong-flavored cloves
gastrectomy - surgical removal of all or part of the stomach
gastrin - polypeptide hormone secreted by the mucous lining of the stomach; induces the secretion of gastric juice
gastritis - inflammation of the lining of the stomach; nausea and loss of appetite and discomfort after eating
gastroenteritis - inflammation of the stomach and intestines; can be caused by Salmonella enteritidis
gastrointestinal system - the system that makes food absorbable into the body
gastrointestinal tract - tubular passage of mucous membrane and muscle extending about 8.3 meters from mouth to anus; functions in digestion and elimination
gene mutation - a mutation due to an intramolecular reorganization of a gene
gene - (genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity
generalized anxiety disorder - an anxiety disorder characterized by chronic free-floating anxiety and such symptoms as tension or sweating or trembling of lightheadedness or irritability etc that has lasted for more than six months
generic drug - when the patent protection for a brand-name drug expires generic versions of the drug can be offered for sale if the FDA agrees
genetic code - the ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells
genetic counseling - guidance for prospective parents on the likelihood of genetic disorders in their future children
genetic disorder - a disease or disorder that is inherited genetically
genetic screening - analyzing a group of people to determine genetic susceptibility to a particular disease
genital herpes - an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) that is usually transmitted by sexual contact; marked by recurrent attacks of painful eruptions on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area
genital - of or relating to the external sex organs
genitalia - external sex organ
genome - the ordering of genes in a haploid set of chromosomes of a particular organism; the full DNA sequence of an organism
genotype - the particular alleles at specified loci present in an organism; a group of organisms sharing a specific genetic constitution
gestation - the conception and development of an idea or plan; the period during which an embryo develops (about 266 days in humans); the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus
giardiasis - infection of the intestines with protozoa found in contaminated food and water; characterized by diarrhea and nausea and flatulence and abdominal discomfort
ginger - (used especially of hair or fur) having a bright orange-brown color; pungent rhizome of the common ginger plant; used fresh as a seasoning especially in Oriental cookery; dried ground gingerroot; perennial plants having thick branching aromatic rhizomes and leafy reedlike stems; liveliness and energy; verb add ginger to in order to add flavor
gingivitis - inflammation of the gums
ginkgo biloba - deciduous dioecious Chinese tree having fan-shaped leaves and fleshy yellow seeds; exists almost exclusively in cultivation especially as an ornamental street tree
ginseng - Chinese herb with palmately compound leaves and small greenish flowers and forked aromatic roots believed to have medicinal powers; aromatic root of ginseng plants
glaucoma - increased pressure in the eyeball due to obstruction of the outflow of aqueous humor; damages the optic disc and impairs vision (sometimes progressing to blindness)
glomerulonephritis - nephritis marked by inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney; characterized by decreased production of urine and by the presence of blood and protein in the urine and by edema
glomerulus - a small intertwined group of capillaries in the malpighian body; it filters the blood during urine formation
glossitis - inflammation of the tongue
glossopharyngeal nerve - sensory nerve to the pharynx and back of the tongue; motor fibers innervate muscles that elevate the pharynx and larynx; includes parasympathetic fibers to the otic ganglion
glucagon - a hormone secreted by the pancreas; stimulates increases in blood sugar levels in the blood (thus opposing the action of insulin)
glucose - a monosaccharide sugar that has several forms; an important source of physiological energy
glutamate - a salt or ester of glutamic acid
glutethimide - sedative (trade name Doriden) used to treat some sleep disorders
glycogen - one form in which body fuel is stored; stored primarily in the liver and broken down into glucose when needed by the body
goiter - abnormally enlarged thyroid gland; can result from underproduction or overproduction of hormone or from a deficiency of iodine in the diet
goldenseal - perennial herb of northeastern United States having a thick knotted yellow rootstock and large rounded leaves
gonorrhea - a common venereal disease caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae; symptoms are painful urination and pain around the urethra
gout - a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism resulting in deposits of the acid and its salts in the blood and joints
grading - changing the ground level to a smooth horizontal or gently sloping surface; evaluation of performance by assigning a grade or score; the act of arranging in a graduated series
graft - the act of grafting something onto something else; (surgery) tissue or organ transplanted from a donor to a recipient; in some cases the patient can be both donor and recipient; the practice of offering something (usually money) in order to gain an illicit advantage; verb cause to grow together parts from different plants; place the organ of a donor into the body of a recipient
granulocyte - a leukocyte that has granules in its cytoplasm
granuloma - a tumor composed of granulation tissue resulting from injury or inflammation or infection
gray matter - greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neurons
green tea - tea leaves that have been steamed and dried without fermenting
grief - something that causes great unhappiness; intense sorrow caused by loss of a loved one (especially by death)
growth hormone - a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans
gynecomastia - excessive development of the breasts in males; usually the result of hormonal imbalance or treatment with certain drugs (including some antihypertensives)
hCG - hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test
hair cell - a sensory epithelial cell present in the organ of Corti
hairy tongue - a benign side effect of some antibiotics; dark overgrowth of the papillae of the tongue
half-life - the time required for something to fall to half its initial value (in particular, the time for half the atoms in a radioactive substance to disintegrate)
halitosis - offensive breath
hallucination - an object perceived during a hallucinatory episode; illusory perception; a common symptom of severe mental disorder; a mistaken or unfounded opinion or idea
hangover - something that has survived from the past; disagreeable aftereffects from the use of drugs (especially alcohol); an official who remains in office after his term
hashish - purified resinous extract of the hemp plant; used as a hallucinogen
hay fever - a seasonal rhinitis resulting from an allergic reaction to pollen
headache - pain in the head caused by dilation of cerebral arteries or muscle contractions or a reaction to drugs; something or someone that causes anxiety; a source of unhappiness
healing - tending to cure or restore to health; the natural process by which the body repairs itself
health insurance - insurance against loss due to ill health
health - the general condition of body and mind; a healthy state of wellbeing free from disease
hearing aid - a conical acoustic device formerly used to direct sound to the ear of a hearing-impaired person; an electronic device that amplifies sound and is worn to compensate for poor hearing
hearing impairment - impairment of the sense of hearing
hearing loss - partial or complete loss of hearing
heart attack - a sudden severe instance of abnormal heart function
heart disease - a disease of the heart
heart failure - inability of the heart to pump enough blood to sustain normal bodily functions
heart murmur - an abnormal sound of the heart; sometimes a sign of abnormal function of the heart valves
heart rate - the rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a person's health
heart surgery - any surgical procedure involving the heart
heartbeat - an animating or vital unifying force; the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart; a very short time (as the time it takes the eye blink or the heart to beat)
heat exhaustion - a condition marked by dizziness and nausea and weakness caused by depletion of body fluids and electrolytes
heat rash - obstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity
helper T cell - T cell with CD4 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and secretes lymphokines that stimulate B cells and killer T cells; helper T cells are infected and killed by the AIDS virus
hematoma - a localized swelling filled with blood
hematopoiesis - the formation of blood cells in the living body (especially in the bone marrow)
hematuria - the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease
hemochromatosis - pathology in which iron accumulates in the tissues; characterized by bronzed skin and enlarged liver and diabetes mellitus and abnormalities of the pancreas and the joints
hemodialysis - dialysis of the blood to remove toxic substances or metabolic wastes from the bloodstream; used in the case of kidney failure
hemoglobin - a hemoprotein composed of globin and heme that gives red blood cells their characteristic color; function primarily to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues
hemolysis - lysis of erythrocytes with the release of hemoglobin
hemolytic anemia - anemia resulting from destruction of erythrocytes
hemophilia - congenital tendency to uncontrolled bleeding; usually affects males and is transmitted from mother to son
hemoptysis - coughing up blood from the respiratory tract; usually indicates a severe infection of the bronchi or lungs
hemorrhage - flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessels; verb lose blood from one's body
hemorrhagic stroke - stroke caused by the rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
heparin - a polysaccharide produced in basophils (especially in the lung and liver) and that inhibits the activity of thrombin in coagulation of the blood; it (trade names Lipo-Hepin and Liquaemin) is used as an anticoagulant in the treatment of thrombosis and in heart surgery
hepatitis B - an acute (sometimes fatal) form of viral hepatitis caused by a DNA virus that tends to persist in the blood serum and is transmitted by sexual contact or by transfusion or by ingestion of contaminated blood or other bodily fluids
hepatitis C - a viral hepatitis clinically indistinguishable from hepatitis B but caused by a single-stranded RNA virus; usually transmitted by parenteral means (as injection of an illicit drug or blood transfusion or exposure to blood or blood products)
hepatitis - inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin
hepatomegaly - abnormal enlargement of the liver
hernia - rupture in smooth muscle tissue through which a bodily structure protrudes
heroin - a narcotic that is considered a hard drug; a highly addictive morphine derivative; intravenous injection provides the fastest and most intense rush
herpes simplex - a herpes virus that affects the skin and nervous system; an infection caused by the herpes simples virus; affects the skin and nervous system; produces small temporary (but sometimes painful) blisters on the skin and mucous membranes
herpes zoster - a herpes virus that causes shingles; eruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe neuralgia
herpes - any of the animal viruses that cause painful blisters on the skin; viral diseases causing eruptions of the skin or mucous membrane
hiatal hernia - hernia resulting from the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm
hiccup - (usually plural) the state of having reflex spasms of the diaphragm accompanied by a rapid closure of the glottis producing an audible sound; sometimes a symptom of indigestion; verb breathe spasmodically, and make a sound
hindbrain - the posterior portion of the brain including cerebellum and brainstem
hippocampus - seahorses; a complex neural structure (shaped like a sea horse) consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle; intimately involved in motivation and emotion as part of the limbic system; has a central role in the formation of memories
hirsutism - excessive hairiness
histamine - amine formed from histidine that stimulates gastric secretions and dilates blood vessels; released by the human immune system during allergic reactions
hives - an itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and well-defined red margins; usually the result of an allergic response to insect bites or food or drugs
homeopathy - a method of treating disease with small amounts of remedies that, in large amounts in healthy people, produce symptoms similar to those being treated
honey - of something having the color of honey; a sweet yellow liquid produced by bees; a beloved person; used as terms of endearment; verb sweeten with honey
hordeolum - an infection of the sebaceous gland of the eyelid
hormone replacement therapy - hormones (estrogen and progestin) are given to postmenopausal women; believed to protect them from heart disease and osteoporosis
hormone - the secretion of an endocrine gland that is transmitted by the blood to the tissue on which it has a specific effect
human chorionic gonadotrophin - hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test
human growth hormone - a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland; promotes growth in humans
human immunodeficiency virus - the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS); it replicates in and kills the helper T cells
hunger - strong desire for something (not food or drink); a physiological need for food; the consequence of food deprivation; verb feel the need to eat; be hungry; go without food; have a craving, appetite, or great desire for
hyaline cartilage - translucent cartilage that is common in joints and the respiratory passages; forms most of the fetal skeleton
hydration - the process of combining with water; usually reversible
hydrocele - disorder in which serous fluid accumulates in a body sac (especially in the scrotum)
hydrocephaly - an abnormal condition in which cerebrospinal fluid collects in the ventricles of the brain; in infants it can cause abnormally rapid growth of the head and bulging fontanelles and a small face; in adults the symptoms are primarily neurological
hydrocortisone - an adrenal-cortex hormone (trade names Hydrocortone or Cortef) that is active in carbohydrate and protein metabolism
hydronephrosis - accumulation of urine in the kidney because of an obstruction in the ureter
hygiene - the science concerned with the prevention of illness and maintenance of health; a condition promoting sanitary practices
hyperaldosteronism - a condition caused by overproduction of aldosterone
hypercalcemia - the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or Paget's disease
hypercalciuria - the presence of abnormally high levels of calcium in the urine; usually the result of excessive bone resorption in hyperparathyroidism or osteoporosis
hyperhidrosis - excessive and profuse perspiration
hypericum - large almost cosmopolitan genus of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and herbs with often showy yellow flowers; cosmopolitan except tropical lowlands and arctic or high altitudes and desert regions
hyperkalemia - higher than normal levels of potassium in the circulating blood; associated with kidney failure or sometimes with the use of diuretic drugs
hyperlipidemia - presence of excess lipids in the blood
hypernatremia - excessive amounts of sodium in the blood; possibly indicating diabetes insipidus
hyperopia - abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects
hyperparathyroidism - excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood; can affect many systems of the body (especially causing bone resorption and osteoporosis)
hyperpigmentation - unusual darkening of the skin
hyperplasia - abnormal increase in number of cells
hypersensitivity reaction - an inappropriate and excessive reaction to an allergen (as pollen or dust or animal hair or certain foods); severity ranges from mild allergy to severe systemic reactions leading to anaphylactic shock
hypersensitivity - extreme sensitivity; pathological sensitivity
hypertension - a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)
hyperthyroidism - an overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - a disorder in which the heart muscle is so strong that it does not relax enough to fill with the heart with blood and so has reduced pumping ability
hyperventilation - an increased depth and rate of breathing greater than demanded by the body needs; can cause dizziness and tingling of the fingers and toes and chest pain if continued
hypnosis - a state that resembles sleep but that is induced by suggestion
hypocalcemia - abnormally low level of calcium in the blood; associated with hypoparathyroidism or kidney malfunction or vitamin D deficiency
hypochondriasis - chronic and abnormal anxiety about imaginary symptoms and ailments
hypoglossal nerve - supplies intrinsic muscles of the tongue and other tongue muscles
hypoglycemia - abnormally low blood sugar usually resulting from excessive insulin or a poor diet
hypogonadism - incompetence of the gonads (especially in the male with low testosterone); results in deficient development of secondary sex characteristics and (in prepubertal males) a body with long legs and a short trunk
hypokalemia - abnormally low level of potassium in the circulating blood leading to weakness and heart abnormalities; associated with adrenal tumors or starvation or taking diuretics
hyponatremia - abnormally low level of sodium in the blood; associated with dehydration
hypoparathyroidism - inadequate secretion of parathyroid hormone resulting in abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
hypopigmentation - unusual lack of skin color
hypospadias - an abnormal condition in males in which the urethra opens on the under surface of the penis
hypotension - abnormally low blood pressure
hypothalamus - a basal part of the diencephalon governing autonomic nervous system
hypothermia - subnormal body temperature
hypothyroidism - an underactive thyroid gland; a glandular disorder resulting from insufficient production of thyroid hormones
hypoxia - a very strong drive resulting from a deficiency of available oxygen in the blood and bodily tissues (short of anoxia)
hysterectomy - surgical removal of the uterus
hysteroscopy - visual examination of the uterus and uterine lining using an endoscope inserted through the vagina
ibuprofen - a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicine (trade names Advil and Motrin and Nuprin) used to relieve the pain of arthritis and as an analgesic and antipyretic
ichthyosis - any of several congenital diseases in which the skin is fishlike (dry and scaly)
ileostomy - surgical procedure that creates an opening from the ileum through the abdominal wall to function as an anus; performed in cases of cancer of the colon or ulcerative colitis
ileum - the part of the small intestine between the jejunum and the cecum
ileus - blockage of the intestine (especially the ileum) that prevents the contents of the intestine from passing to the lower bowel
immune response - a bodily defense reaction that recognizes an invading substance (an antigen: such as a virus or fungus or bacteria or transplanted organ) and produces antibodies specific against that antigen
immune system - a system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
immunity - the quality of being unaffected by something; (medicine) the condition in which an organism can resist disease; an act exempting someone; the state of not being susceptible
immunization - the act of making immune (especially by inoculation)
immunocompromised - unable to develop a normal immune response usually because of malnutrition or immunodeficiency or immunosuppressive therapy
immunodeficiency - immunological disorder in which some part of the body's immune system is inadequate and resistance to infectious diseases is reduced
immunoglobulin A - one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts
immunoglobulin E - one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; present primarily in the skin and mucous membranes
immunoglobulin G - one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the main antibody defense against bacteria
immunoglobulin M - one of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; involved in fighting blood infections and in triggering production of immunoglobulin G
immunoglobulin - a class of proteins produced in lymph tissue in vertebrates and that function as antibodies in the immune response
immunosuppression - lowering the body's normal immune response to invasion by foreign substances; can be deliberate (as in lowering the immune response to prevent rejection of a transplanted organ) or incidental (as a side effect of radiotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer)
immunotherapy - therapy designed to produce immunity to a disease or to enhance resistance by the immune system
impairment - damage that results in a reduction of strength or quality; the act of making something futile and useless (as by routine); the occurrence of a change for the worse; the condition of being unable to perform as a consequence of physical or mental unfitness; a symptom of reduced quality or strength
impalement - the act of piercing with a sharpened stake as a form of punishment or torture
impetigo - a very contagious infection of the skin; common in children; localized redness develops into small blisters that gradually crust and erode
inactivity - being inactive; being less active; a disposition to remain inactive or inert; the state of being inactive
incubation period - the period between infection and the appearance of symptoms of the disease
infarction - localized necrosis resulting from obstruction of the blood supply
infectious mononucleosis - an acute disease characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes and an abnormal increase of mononuclear leucocytes or monocytes in the bloodstream; not highly contagious; some believe it can be transmitted by kissing
infectious - easily spread; caused by infection or capable of causing infection; of or relating to infection
inferior vena cava - receives blood from lower limbs and abdominal organs and empties into the posterior part of the right atrium of the heart; formed from the union of the two iliac veins
infertility - the state of being unable to produce offspring; in a woman it is an inability to conceive; in a man it is an inability to impregnate
inflammation - arousal to violent emotion; a response of body tissues to injury or irritation; characterized by pain and swelling and redness and heat; the act of setting something on fire; the state of being emotionally aroused and worked up
inflammatory bowel disease - inflammation of the colon
influenza - an acute febrile highly contagious viral disease
ingrown hair - a hair that does not emerge from the follicle but remains embedded in the skin (usually causing inflammation)
inhibitor - a substance that retards or stops an activity
innate immunity - immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
inner ear - a complex system of interconnecting cavities; concerned with hearing and equilibrium
insanity - relatively permanent disorder of the mind
insulin - hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells
integumentary system - the skin and its appendages
interaction - a mutual or reciprocal action; interacting; (physics) the transfer of energy between elementary particles or between an elementary particle and a field or between fields; mediated by gauge bosons
intermittent claudication - lameness due to pain in leg muscles because the blood supply is inadequate; pain subsides with rest
intima - the innermost membrane of an organ (especially the inner lining of an artery or vein or lymphatic vessel)
intoxication - excitement and elation beyond the bounds of sobriety; a temporary state resulting from excessive consumption of alcohol; the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance
intraocular pressure - pressure inside the eyeball; regulated by resistance to the outward flow of aqueous humor
intravenous pyelogram - X-ray picture of the kidneys and ureters after injection of a radiopaque dye
intussusception - (biology) growth in the surface area of a cell by the deposit of new particles between existing particles in the cell wall; the folding in of an outer layer so as to form a pocket in the surface
iodine - a nonmetallic element belonging to the halogens; used especially in medicine and photography and in dyes; occurs naturally only in combination in small quantities (as in sea water or rocks); a tincture consisting of a solution of iodine in ethyl alcohol; applied topically to wounds as an antiseptic
iris - diaphragm consisting of thin overlapping plates that can be adjusted to change the diameter of a central opening; muscular diaphragm that controls the size of the pupil; it forms the colored portion of the eye; plants with sword-shaped leaves and erect stalks bearing bright-colored flowers composed of three petals and three drooping sepals
iritis - inflammation of the iris
iron - extremely robust; home appliance consisting of a flat metal base that is heated and used to smooth cloth; a golf club that has a relatively narrow metal head; implement used to brand live stock; a heavy ductile magnetic metallic element; is silver-white in pure form but readily rusts; used in construction and tools and armament; plays a role in the transport of oxygen by the blood; verb press and smooth with a heated iron
irritable bowel syndrome - recurrent abdominal pain and diarrhea (often alternating with periods of constipation); often associated with emotional stress
ischemic stroke - the most common kind of stroke; caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain (as from a clot blocking a blood vessel)
islets of Langerhans - cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ; secrete insulin and other hormones
itching - an irritating cutaneous sensation that produces a desire to scratch
jaundice - yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes caused by an accumulation of bile pigment (bilirubin) in the blood; can be a symptom of gallstones or liver infection or anemia; a rough and bitter manner; verb affect with, or as if with, jaundice; distort adversely
jaw - holding device consisting of one or both of the opposing parts of a tool that close to hold an object; the part of the skull of a vertebrate that frames the mouth and holds the teeth; the bones of the skull that frame the mouth and serve to open it; the bones that hold the teeth; verb censure severely or angrily; talk incessantly and tiresomely; talk socially without exchanging too much information; chew (food)
jejunum - the part of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum
jock itch - fungal infection of the groin (most common in men)
karyotype - the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes)
keloid - raised pinkish scar tissue at the site of an injury; results from excessive tissue repair
keratin - a fibrous scleroprotein that occurs in the outer layer of the skin and in horny tissues such as hair feathers nails and hooves
keratitis - inflammation of the cornea causing watery painful eyes and blurred vision
keratoacanthoma - skin tumor that grows rapidly (especially in older people) and resembles a carcinoma but does not spread; it usually disappears spontaneously, often leaving a scar
keratoconus - abnormal cone-shaped protrusion of the cornea of the eye; can be treated by epikeratophakia
keratosis pilaris - keratosis characterized by hard conical elevations in the openings of sebaceous glands (especially of arms and thighs)
ketamine - a general anesthetic and tranquilizer (not a barbiturate) that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly; used mainly by veterinarians or for minor surgery with geriatric or pediatric patients; taken in large doses it causes hallucinations similar to those associated with the use of PCP
kidney disease - a disease affecting the kidneys
kidney - either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes (especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine
killer T cell - T cell with CD8 receptor that recognizes antigens on the surface of a virus-infected cell and binds to the infected cell and kill it
kyphosis - an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column
labyrinth - complex system of paths or tunnels in which it is easy to get lost; a complex system of interconnecting cavities; concerned with hearing and equilibrium
labyrinthitis - inflammation of the inner ear; can cause vertigo and vomiting
lacrimal - relating to or located near the organ that produces tears; of or relating to tears
lactase - any of a group of enzymes (trade name Lactaid) that hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose
lactation - the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands; the period following birth during which milk is secreted; feeding an infant by giving suck at the breast
lactose intolerance - congenital disorder consisting of an inability to digest milk and milk products; absence or deficiency of lactase results in an inability to hydrolyze lactose
laminectomy - surgical removal of the bony arches on one or more vertebrae
laryngectomy - surgical removal of part or all of the larynx (usually to treat cancer of the larynx)
laryngitis - inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx; characterized by hoarseness or loss of voice and coughing
larynx - a cartilaginous structure at the top of the trachea; contains elastic vocal cords that are the source of the vocal tone in speech
laser - an acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; an optical device that produces an intense monochromatic beam of coherent light
left atrium - the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
left ventricle - the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta
legs - staying power
lesion - any visible abnormal structural change in a bodily part; any break in the skin or an organ caused by violence or surgical incision
leukemia - malignant neoplasm of blood-forming tissues; characterized by abnormal proliferation of leukocytes; one of the four major types of cancer
leukocyte - blood cells that engulf and digest bacteria and fungi; an important part of the body's defense system
leukopenia - an abnormal lowering of the white blood cell count
libido - (psychoanalysis) a Freudian term for sexual urge or desire
lichen planus - an eruption of shiny flat-topped purplish (usually itchy) papules on the wrist and forearms and thighs
life expectancy - an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities
life-support - of or pertaining to equipment or methods used to sustain life
ligament - any connection or unifying bond; a sheet or band of tough fibrous tissue connecting bones or cartilages or supporting muscles or organs
limbic system - a system of functionally related neural structures in the brain that are involved in emotional behavior
lipoma - a tumor consisting of fatty tissue
lipoprotein - a conjugated protein having a lipid component; the principal means for transporting lipids in the blood
listeriosis - an infectious disease of animals and humans (especially newborn or immunosuppressed persons) caused by the bacterium Listeria monocytogenes; in sheep and cattle the infection frequently involves the central nervous system and causes various neurological symptoms
lithium - a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals
liver cancer - malignant neoplastic disease of the liver usually occurring as a metastasis from another cancer; symptoms include loss of appetite and weakness and bloating and jaundice and upper abdominal discomfort
liver disease - a disease affecting the liver
livestock - not used technically; any animals kept for use or profit
location - a point or extent in space; a workplace away from a studio at which some or all of a movie may be made; a determination of the place where something is; the act of putting something in a certain place
locus - the set of all points or lines that satisfy or are determined by specific conditions; the specific site of a particular gene on its chromosome; the scene of any event or action (especially the place of a meeting)
lordosis - an abnormal inward (forward) curvature of the vertebral column
lumbar puncture - removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
lung cancer - carcinoma of the lungs; one of the commonest forms of cancer
lutein - yellow carotenoid pigments in plants and animal fats and egg yolks
luteinizing hormone - a gonadotropic hormone that is secreted by the anterior pituitary; stimulates ovulation in female mammals and stimulates androgen release in male mammals
lycopene - carotenoid that makes tomatoes red; may lower the risk of prostate cancer
lymph node - the source of lymph and lymphocytes
lymph - a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle; is conveyed to the blood stream by lymphatic vessels
lymphadenitis - inflammation of lymph nodes
lymphadenopathy - chronic abnormal enlargement of the lymph nodes (usually associated with disease)
lymphangioma - benign angioma consisting of a mass of lymphatic vessels
lymphatic system - the interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body
lymphedema - swelling (usually in the legs) caused by lymph accumulating in the tissues
lymphocyte - an agranulocytic leukocyte that normally makes up a quarter of the white blood cell count but increases in the presence of infection
lymphocytopenia - an abnormally small number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood
lymphoid tissue - tissue making up the lymphatic system
lymphoma - a neoplasm of lymph tissue that is usually malignant; one of the four major types of cancer
lysergic acid diethylamide - a powerful hallucinogenic drug manufactured from lysergic acid
macrophage - a large phagocyte; some are fixed and other circulate in the blood stream
macula - a yellowish central area of the retina that is rich in cones and that mediates clear detailed vision; a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated; caused by various diseases; a cooler darker spot appearing periodically on the sun's photosphere; associated with a strong magnetic field
macular degeneration - degeneration of the cells of the macula lutea which results in blurred vision and can cause blindness; usually age-related
macule - a patch of skin that is discolored but not usually elevated; caused by various diseases
mad cow disease - a fatal disease of cattle that affects the central nervous system; causes staggering and agitation
malabsorption - abnormal absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract
malaria - an infective disease caused by sporozoan parasites that are transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito; marked by paroxysms of chills and fever
malformation - something abnormal or anomalous; an affliction in which some part of the body is misshapen or malformed
malignant melanoma - any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes
malignant tumor - a tumor that is malignant and tends to spread to other parts of the body
malnutrition - a state of poor nutrition; can result from insufficient or excessive or unbalanced diet or from inability to absorb foods
mammogram - X-ray film of the soft tissue of the breast
management - the act of managing something; those in charge of running a business
mandible - the jaw in vertebrates that is hinged to open the mouth
mania - an irrational but irresistible motive for a belief or action; a mood disorder; an affective disorder in which the victim tends to respond excessively and sometimes violently
marijuana - a strong-smelling plant from whose dried leaves a number of euphoriant and hallucinogenic drugs are prepared; the most commonly used illicit drug; considered a soft drug, it consists of the dried leaves of the hemp plant; smoked or chewed for euphoric effect
mast cell - a large connective tissue cell that contains histamine and heparin and serotonin which are released in allergic reactions or in response to injury or inflammation
mastalgia - pain in the breast
mastectomy - surgical removal of a breast to remove a malignant tumor
mastitis - inflammation of a breast (or udder)
mastoiditis - inflammation of the mastoid
masturbation - manual stimulation of the genital organs (of yourself or another) for sexual pleasure
measles - an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children
meconium - thick dark green mucoid material that is the first feces of a newborn child
medical - requiring or amenable to treatment by medicine especially as opposed to surgery; relating to the study or practice of medicine; of or belonging to Aesculapius or the healing art; a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person
medicine - the learned profession that is mastered by graduate training in a medical school and that is devoted to preventing or alleviating or curing diseases and injuries; (medicine) something that treats or prevents or alleviates the symptoms of disease; the branches of medical science that deal with nonsurgical techniques; punishment for one's actions; verb treat medicinally, treat with medicine
meditation - continuous and profound contemplation or musing on a subject or series of subjects of a deep or abstruse nature; (religion) contemplation of spiritual matters (usually on religious or philosophical subjects)
medulla - the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal; lower or hindmost part of the brain; continuous with spinal cord; (`bulb' is an old term for medulla oblongata); a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers
megakaryocyte - a large bone marrow cell; regarded as the source of blood platelets
melanin - insoluble pigments that account for the color of e.g. skin and scales and feathers
melanocyte - a cell in the basal layer of the epidermis that produces melanin under the control of the melanocyte-stimulating hormone
melanoma - any of several malignant neoplasms (usually of the skin) consisting of melanocytes
melasma - a tan discoloration of a woman's face that is associated with pregnancy or with the use of oral contraceptives
melatonin - hormone secreted by the pineal gland
membranous labyrinth - the sensory structures of the inner ear including the labyrinthine receptors and the cochlea; contained within the bony labyrinth
menarche - the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman
meninges - a membrane (one of 3) that envelops the brain and spinal cord
meningitis - infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection; symptoms include headache and stiff neck and fever and nausea
meniscectomy - surgical removal of the meniscus of the knee
meniscus - (physics) the curved upper surface of a nonturbulent liquid in a vertical tube; (optics) a lens that is concave on one side and convex on the other; (anatomy) a disk of cartilage that serves as a cushion between the ends of bones that meet at a joint
menopause - the time in a woman's life in which the menstrual cycle ends
menstrual cycle - a recurring cycle (beginning at menarche and ending at menopause) in which the endometrial lining of the uterus prepares for pregnancy; if pregnancy does not occur the lining is shed at menstruation
menstruation - the monthly discharge of blood from the uterus of nonpregnant women from puberty to menopause
mercury - temperature measured by a mercury thermometer; the smallest planet and the nearest to the sun; (Roman mythology) messenger of Jupiter and god of commerce; counterpart of Greek Hermes; a heavy silvery toxic univalent and bivalent metallic element; the only metal that is liquid at ordinary temperatures
mescaline - the hallucinatory alkaloid that is the active agent in mescal buttons
mesoderm - the middle germ layer that develops into muscle and bone and cartilage and blood and connective tissue
metabolism - the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life; the marked and rapid transformation of a larva into an adult that occurs in some animals
metastasis - the spreading of a disease to another part of the body; the organic processes (in a cell or organism) that are necessary for life
methadone - synthetic narcotic drug similar to morphine but less habit-forming; used in narcotic detoxification and maintenance of heroin addiction
methamphetamine - an amphetamine derivative (trade name Methedrine) used in the form of a crystalline hydrochloride; used as a stimulant to the nervous system and as an appetite suppressant
methotrexate - toxic antimetabolite that limits cellular reproduction by acting as an antagonist to folic acid; used to treat certain cancers and psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis
methylenedioxymethamphetamine - a stimulant drug that is chemically related to mescaline and amphetamine and is used illicitly for its euphoric and hallucinogenic effects; it was formerly used in psychotherapy but in 1985 it was declared illegal in the United States
microbe - a minute life form (especially a disease-causing bacterium); the term is not in technical use
micturition - the discharge of urine
midbrain - the middle portion of the brain
middle ear - the main cavity of the ear; between the eardrum and the inner ear
miliaria - obstruction of the sweat ducts during high heat and humidity
milk thistle - tall Old World biennial thistle with large clasping white-blotched leaves and purple flower heads; naturalized in California and South America; any of several Old World coarse prickly-leaved shrubs and subshrubs having milky juice and yellow flowers; widely naturalized; often noxious weeds in cultivated soil
mittelschmerz - pain in the area of the ovary that is felt at the time of ovulation (usually midway through the menstrual cycle)
monoamine oxidase - an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of many body compounds (e.g., epinephrine and norepinephrine and serotonin)
monocyte - a type of granular leukocyte that functions in the ingestion of bacteria
mononuclear phagocyte system - a widely distributed system of free and fixed macrophages derived from bone marrow
mononucleosis - an acute disease characterized by fever and swollen lymph nodes and an abnormal increase of mononuclear leucocytes or monocytes in the bloodstream; not highly contagious; some believe it can be transmitted by kissing
monosaccharide - a sugar (like sucrose or fructose) that does not hydrolyse to give other sugars; the simplest group of carbohydrates
monosomy - chromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number
morning sickness - nausea early in the day; a characteristic symptom in the early months of pregnancy
morphine - an alkaloid narcotic drug extracted from opium; a powerful, habit-forming narcotic used to relieve pain
mosaicism - the condition in which an organism has two or more cell populations that differ in genetic makeup
mucosa - mucus-secreting membrane lining all body cavities or passages that communicate with the exterior
mucus - protective secretion of the mucous membranes; in the gut it lubricates the passage of food and protects the epithelial cells; in the nose and throat and lungs it can make it difficult for bacteria to penetrate the body through the epithelium
multiple myeloma - myeloma that develops in several places at the same time
multiple sclerosis - a chronic progressive nervous disorder involving loss of myelin sheath around certain nerve fibers
mumps - an acute contagious viral disease characterized by fever and by swelling of the parotid glands
muscle spasm - a painful and involuntary muscular contraction
muscle tone - normal tonicity of the muscles
muscle - authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells; one of the contractile organs of the body; possessing muscular strength; a bully employed as a thug or bodyguard; verb make one's way by force
muscular dystrophy - any of several hereditary diseases of the muscular system characterized by weakness and wasting of skeletal muscles
musculoskeletal system - the system of muscles and tendons and ligaments and bones and joints and associated tissues that move the body and maintain its form
mutation - a change or alteration in form or qualities; (genetics) any event that changes genetic structure; any alteration in the inherited nucleic acid sequence of the genotype of an organism; (biology) an organism that has characteristics resulting from chromosomal alteration
myasthenia gravis - a chronic progressive disease characterized by chronic fatigue and muscular weakness (especially in the face and neck); caused by a deficiency of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junctions
mydriasis - reflex pupillary dilation as a muscle pulls the iris outward; occurs in response to a decrease in light or certain drugs
myelin - a white fatty substance that forms a medullary sheath around the axis cylinder of some nerve fibers
myelofibrosis - fibrosis of the bone marrow
myeloma - a tumor of the bone marrow (usually malignant) composed of cells normally found in bone marrow
myocardial infarction - destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle
myocarditis - inflammation of the myocardium (the muscular tissue of the heart)
myocardium - the middle muscular layer of the heart wall
myoclonus - a clonic spasm of a muscle or muscle group
myometrium - the smooth muscle forming the wall of the uterus
myopathy - any pathology of the muscles that is not attributable to nerve dysfunction
myopia - (ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred
myotonia - abnormally long muscular contractions; slow relaxation of a muscle after a contraction
myotonic muscular dystrophy - a severe form of muscular dystrophy marked by generalized weakness and muscular wasting that affects the face and feet and hands and neck; difficult speech and difficulty with the hands that spreads to the arms and shoulders and legs and hips; the onset can be any time from birth to middle age and the progression is slow; inheritance is autosomal dominant
myringotomy - surgical incision into the eardrum (to relieve pressure or release pus from the middle ear)
myxoma - a benign tumor of connective tissue containing jellylike material
nabothian cyst - a cyst that forms in the nabothian glands of the uterine cervix
naltrexone - an oral antagonist against the action of opiates
naphthoquinone - a fat-soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of blood
narcolepsy - a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable episodes of deep sleep
nasal septum - a partition of bone and cartilage between the nasal cavities
natural immunity - immunity to disease that occurs as part of an individual's natural biologic makeup
naturopathy - a method of treating disease using food and exercise and heat to assist the natural healing process
nausea - disgust so strong it makes you feel sick; the state that precedes vomiting
nearsightedness - (ophthalmology) eyesight abnormality resulting from the eye's faulty refractive ability; distant objects appear blurred
neck - an opening in a garment for the neck of the wearer; a part of the garment near the wearer's neck; the part of an organism that connects the head to the rest of the body; a cut of meat from the neck of an animal; a narrow elongated projecting strip of land; verb kiss, embrace, or fondle with sexual passion
necrosis - the localized death of living cells (as from infection or the interruption of blood supply)
neoplasia - the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor
nephrectomy - surgical removal of a kidney
nephritis - an inflammation of the kidney
nephroblastoma - malignant renal tumor of young children characterized by hypertension and blood in the urine and the presence of a palpable mass
nephrolithiasis - the presence of kidney stones (calculi) in the kidney
nephron - any of the small tubules that are the excretory units of the vertebrate kidney
nephropathy - a disease affecting the kidneys
nephrotic syndrome - a syndrome characterized by edema and large amounts of protein in the urine and usually increased blood cholesterol; usually associated with glomerulonephritis or with a complication of various systemic diseases
nerve - any bundle of nerve fibers running to various organs and tissues of the body; impudent aggressiveness; the courage to carry on; verb get ready for something difficult or unpleasant
nervous breakdown - a severe or incapacitating emotional disorder
nervous system - the sensory and control apparatus consisting of a network of nerve cells
neural tube - a tube of ectodermal tissue in the embryo from which the brain and spinal cord develop
neuralgia - acute spasmodic pain along the course of one or more nerves
neuritis - inflammation of a nerve accompanied by pain and sometimes loss of function
neurofibromatosis - autosomal dominant disease characterized by numerous neurofibromas and by spots on the skin and often by developmental abnormalities
neurogenic bladder - a urinary bladder disorder caused by a lesion in the nervous system
neuron - a cell that is specialized to conduct nerve impulses
neuropathy - any pathology of the peripheral nerves
neurosis - a mental or personality disturbance not attributable to any known neurological or organic dysfunction
neurotransmitter - transmits nerve impulses across a synapse
neutropenia - leukopenia in which the decrease is primarily in number of neutrophils (the chief phagocytic leukocyte)
neutrophil - the chief phagocytic leukocyte; stains with either basic or acid dyes
nevus - a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth
nicotine - an alkaloid poison that occurs in tobacco; used in medicine and as an insecticide
night blindness - inability to see clearly in dim light; due to a deficiency of vitamin A or to a retinal disorder
nocturia - excessive urination at night; especially common in older men
nocturnal emission - ejaculation during sleep (usually during a dream)
node - (computer science) any computer that is hooked up to a computer network; any bulge or swelling of an anatomical structure or part; (astronomy) a point where an orbit crosses a plane; (physics) the point of minimum displacement in a periodic system; any thickened enlargement; a connecting point at which several lines come together; the source of lymph and lymphocytes
nodule - a small node; (mineralogy) a small rounded lump of mineral substance (usually harder than the surrounding rock or sediment); small rounded wartlike protuberance on a plant
norepinephrine - a catecholamine precursor of epinephrine that is secreted by the adrenal medulla and also released at synapses
nosocomial - taking place or originating in a hospital
nucleic acid - (biochemistry) any of various macromolecules composed of nucleotide chains that are vital constituents of all living cells
nucleotide - a phosphoric ester of a nucleoside; the basic structural unit of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA)
nursing - the work of caring for the sick or injured or infirm; nourishing at the breast; the profession of a nurse
nutrition - the scientific study of food and drink (especially in humans); (physiology) the organic process of nourishing or being nourished; the processes by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance; a source of materials to nourish the body
nystagmus - involuntary movements of the eyeballs; its presence or absence is used to diagnose a variety of neurological and visual disorders
obesity - more than average fatness
occupational therapy - physical therapy involving the therapeutic use of crafts and hobbies for the rehabilitation of handicapped or convalescing patients (especially for emotionally disturbed patients)
oculomotor nerve - supplies extrinsic muscles of the eye
olfactory nerve - a collective term for numerous olfactory filaments in the nasal mucosa
oliguria - production of an abnormally small amount of urine; abnormally small production of urine; can be a symptom of kidney disease or obstruction of the urinary tract or edema or an imbalance of fluids and electrolytes in the body
oophorectomy - surgical removal of one of both ovaries
open fracture - bone fracture associated with lacerated soft tissue or an open wound
operations - financial transactions at a brokerage; having to do with the execution of trades and keeping customer records
ophthalmoscopy - examination of the interior of an eye using an ophthalmoscope
opium - an addictive narcotic extracted from seed capsules of the opium poppy
opportunistic - taking immediate advantage, often unethically, of any circumstance of possible benefit
optic disk - the point where the optic nerve enters the retina; not sensitive to light
optic nerve - the cranial nerve that serves the retina
oral contraception - contraception achieved by taking oral contraceptive pills
orchiectomy - surgical removal of one or both testicles
orchiopexy - operation to bring an undescended testicle into the scrotum
orchitis - inflammation of one or both testes; characterized by pain and swelling
organ of Corti - the hearing organ of the inner ear; contains receptors that respond to sound waves
organic brain syndrome - mental abnormality resulting from disturbance of the structure or function of the brain
orgasm - the moment of most intense pleasure in sexual intercourse
ossification - hardened conventionality; the developmental process of bone formation; the process of becoming rigidly fixed in a conventional pattern of thought or behavior; the calcification of soft tissue into a bonelike material
osteoarthritis - chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints; the most common form of arthritis occurring usually after middle age
osteoblast - a cell from which bone develops
osteocyte - mature bone cell
osteogenesis imperfecta - autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue characterized by brittle bones that fracture easily
osteomalacia - abnormal softening of bones caused by deficiencies of phosphorus or calcium or vitamin D
osteomyelitis - an inflammation of bone and bone marrow (usually caused by bacterial infection)
osteopathy - therapy based on the assumption that restoring health is best accomplished by manipulating the skeleton and muscles
osteopetrosis - an inherited disorder characterized by an increase in bone density; in severe forms the bone marrow cavity may be obliterated
osteophyte - small abnormal bony outgrowth
osteoporosis - abnormal loss of bony tissue resulting in fragile porous bones attributable to a lack of calcium; most common in postmenopausal women
otitis externa - inflammation of the external ear (including auricle and ear canal)
otitis media - inflammation of the middle ear; common in children
otitis - inflammation of the ear
otoplasty - reconstructive surgery of the auricle of the external ear
otorrhea - discharge from the external ear
otosclerosis - hereditary disorder in which ossification of the labyrinth of the inner ear causes tinnitus and eventual deafness
ovarian cyst - a cystic tumor (usually benign) of the ovary
over-the-counter - (of securities) not quoted on a stock exchange; purchasable without a doctor's prescription
overdose - verb dose too heavily
overeating - eating to excess (personified as one of the deadly sins)
overview - a general summary of a subject
ovulation - the expulsion of an ovum from the ovary (usually midway in the menstrual cycle)
oxidation - the process of oxidizing; the addition of oxygen to a compound with a loss of electrons; always occurs accompanied by reduction
oxygen - a nonmetallic bivalent element that is normally a colorless odorless tasteless nonflammable diatomic gas; constitutes 21 percent of the atmosphere by volume; the most abundant element in the earth's crust
oxygenation - the process of providing or combining or treating with oxygen
oxytocin - hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland (trade name Pitocin); stimulates contractions of the uterus and ejection of milk
pacemaker - an implanted electronic device that takes over the function of the natural cardiac pacemaker; a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat; a horse used to set the pace in racing; a leading instance in its field
pain - a somatic sensation of acute discomfort; emotional distress; a fundamental feeling that people try to avoid; a bothersome annoying person; a symptom of some physical hurt or disorder; something or someone that causes trouble; a source of unhappiness; verb cause emotional anguish or make miserable; cause bodily suffering to and make sick or indisposed
pancreas - a large elongated exocrine gland located behind the stomach; secretes pancreatic juice and insulin
pancreatic cancer - cancer of the pancreas
pancreatic duct - a duct connecting the pancreas with the intestine
pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas; usually marked by abdominal pain
panic disorder - an anxiety disorder characterized by unpredictable panic attacks; the attacks are usually severe but brief
papilledema - swelling of the optic disc (where the optic nerve enters the eyeball); usually associated with an increase in intraocular pressure
papilloma - a benign epithelial tumor forming a rounded mass
papule - a small inflamed elevation of skin that is nonsuppurative (as in chicken pox)
paracentesis - centesis of the belly to remove fluid for diagnosis
paralysis - loss of the ability to move a body part
paranoia - a psychological disorder characterized by delusions of persecution or grandeur
parasite - an animal or plant that lives in or on a host (another animal or plant); it obtains nourishment from the host without benefiting or killing the host; a follower who hangs around a host (without benefit to the host) in hope of gain or advantage
parathormone - hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body and functions in neuromuscular excitation and blood clotting
parathyroid hormone - hormone synthesized and released into the blood stream by the parathyroid glands; regulates phosphorus and calcium in the body and functions in neuromuscular excitation and blood clotting
paresthesia - abnormal skin sensations (as tingling or tickling or itching or burning) usually associated with peripheral nerve damage
paronychia - low-growing annual or perennial herbs or woody plants; whitlowworts; infection in the tissues adjacent to a nail on a finger or toe
passive immunity - an impermanent form of acquired immunity in which antibodies against a disease are acquired naturally (as through the placenta to an unborn child) or artificially (as by injection of antiserum)
patent ductus arteriosus - a ductus arteriosus that failed to close at birth; may require surgical correction
pathogen - any disease-producing agent (especially a virus or bacterium or other microorganism)
pediculosis - infestation with lice (Pediculus humanus) resulting in severe itching
pellagra - a disease caused by deficiency of niacin or tryptophan (or by a defect in the metabolic conversion of tryptophan to niacin); characterized by gastrointestinal disturbances and erythema and nervous or mental disorders; may be caused by malnutrition or alcoholism or other nutritional impairments
pelvic inflammatory disease - inflammation of the female pelvic organs (especially the Fallopian tubes) caused by infection by any of several microorganisms (chiefly gonococci and chlamydia); symptoms are abdominal pain and fever and foul-smelling vaginal discharge
pemphigus - a skin disease characterized by large thin-walled blisters (bullae) arising from normal skin or mucous membrane
penicillin - any of various antibiotics obtained from Penicillium molds (or produced synthetically) and used in the treatment of various infections and diseases
penis - the male organ of copulation (`member' is a euphemism)
peptide - amide combining the amino group of one amino acid with the carboxyl group of another; usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of protein
perception - the process of perceiving; knowledge gained by perceiving; a way of conceiving something; becoming aware of something via the senses; the representation of what is perceived; basic component in the formation of a concept
pericarditis - inflammation of the pericardium
pericardium - a serous membrane with two layers that surrounds the heart
periodontal disease - a disease that attacks the gum and bone and around the teeth
peripheral nervous system - the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord
peristalsis - the process of wavelike muscle contractions of the alimentary tract that moves food along
peritoneal cavity - the interior of the peritoneum; a potential space between layers of the peritoneum
peritonitis - inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonsillar abscess - a painful pus filled inflammation of the tonsils and surrounding tissues; usually a complication of tonsillitis
pertussis - a disease of the respiratory mucous membrane
pessary - a contraceptive device consisting of a flexible dome-shaped cup made of rubber or plastic; it is filled with spermicide and fitted over the uterine cervix
phagocyte - a cell that engulfs and digests debris and invading microorganisms
phagocytosis - process in which phagocytes engulf and digest microorganisms and cellular debris; an important defense against infection
pharmacokinetics - the study of the action of drugs in the body: method and rate of excretion; duration of effect; etc.
pharmacopeia - (pharmacology) a book containing a compilation of pharmaceutical products with their formulas and methods of preparation
pharyngitis - inflammation of the fauces and pharynx
pharynx - the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone
phenazopyridine - analgesic (trade name Pyridium) used to treat urinary tract infections
phencyclidine - a drug used as an anesthetic by veterinarians; illicitly taken (originally in the form of powder or `dust') for its effects as a hallucinogen
phenotype - what an organism looks like as a consequence of the interaction of its genotype and the environment
phenylketonuria - a genetic disorder of metabolism; lack of the enzyme needed to turn phenylalanine into tyrosine results in an accumulation of phenylalanine in the body fluids which causes various degrees of mental deficiency
pheochromocytoma - a vascular tumor of the adrenal gland; hypersecretion of epinephrine results in intermittent or sustained hypertension
phimosis - an abnormal tightness of the foreskin preventing retraction over the glans
phlebotomy - surgical incision into a vein; used to treat hemochromatosis
phobia - an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme and irrational fear of simple things or social situations
phosphate - carbonated drink with fruit syrup and a little phosphoric acid; a salt of phosphoric acid
photophobia - a morbid fear of light; pain in the eye resulting from exposure to bright light (often associated with albinism)
photosensitivity - sensitivity to the action of radiant energy
phototherapy - the use of strong light to treat acne or hyperbilirubinemia of the newborn
physical fitness - good physical condition; being in shape or in condition
physical therapy - therapy that uses physical agents: exercise and massage and other modalities
pineal gland - a small endocrine gland in the brain; situated beneath the back part of the corpus callosum; secretes melatonin
pinguecula - a slightly elevated elastic tissue deposit in the conjunctiva that may extend to the cornea but does not cover it
pituitary gland - the master gland of the endocrine system; located at the base of the brain
pityriasis rosea - pityriasis in which an itchy rash develops over the trunk and extremities
placebo - (Roman Catholic Church) vespers of the office for the dead; an innocuous or inert medication; given as a pacifier or to the control group in experiments on the efficacy of a drug
placenta - the vascular structure in the uterus of most mammals providing oxygen and nutrients for and transferring wastes from the developing fetus; that part of the ovary of a flowering plant where the ovules form
plaque - (pathology) a small abnormal patch on or inside the body; a memorial made of brass
plasmapheresis - plasma is separated from whole blood and the rest is returned to the donor
plastic surgery - surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue
platelet - tiny bits of protoplasm found in vertebrate blood; essential for blood clotting
pleura - the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest
pleural cavity - the cavity in the thorax that contains the lungs and heart
pleural space - the small potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura
pleurisy - inflammation of the pleura of the lungs (especially the parietal layer)
pneumococcal pneumonia - pneumonia caused by bacteria of the genus pneumococcus
pneumoconiosis - chronic respiratory disease caused by inhaling metallic or mineral particles
pneumonectomy - surgical removal of a lung (usually to treat lung cancer)
pneumonia - respiratory disease characterized by inflammation of the lung parenchyma (excluding the bronchi) with congestion caused by viruses or bacteria or irritants
pneumonitis - inflammation of the lungs; caused by a virus or an allergic reaction
pneumothorax - abnormal presence of air in the pleural cavity resulting in the collapse of the lung; may be spontaneous (due to injury to the chest) or induced (as a treatment for tuberculosis)
poisoning - the act of giving poison to a person or animal with the intent to kill; the physiological state produced by a poison or other toxic substance
poliomyelitis - an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord
pollen - the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are borne by an anther in a flowering plant
polycystic kidney disease - kidney disease characterized by enlarged kidneys containing many cysts; often leads to kidney failure
polydactyly - birth defect characterized by the presence of more than the normal number of fingers or toes
polymyositis - myositis characterized by weakness of limb and neck muscles and much muscle pain and swelling; progression and severity vary among individuals
polyp - one of two forms that coelenterates take e.g. a hydra or coral: usually sedentary and has a hollow cylindrical body usually with a ring of tentacles around the mouth; a small vascular growth on the surface of a mucous membrane
porphyria - a genetic abnormality of metabolism causing abdominal pains and mental confusion
portal hypertension - increase in blood pressure in the veins of the portal system caused by obstruction in the liver (often associated with alcoholic cirrhosis), causing enlargement of the spleen and collateral veins
postnasal drip - chronic secretion of mucus from the rear of the nasal cavity into the nasopharynx
potassium - a light soft silver-white metallic element of the alkali metal group; oxidizes rapidly in air and reacts violently with water; is abundant in nature in combined forms occurring in sea water and in carnallite and kainite and sylvite
poultry - flesh of chickens or turkeys or ducks or geese raised for food; a domesticated gallinaceous bird thought to be descended from the red jungle fowl
preeclampsia - abnormal state of pregnancy characterized by hypertension and fluid retention and albuminuria; can lead to eclampsia if untreated
pregnancy - the state of being pregnant; the period from conception to birth when a woman carries a developing fetus in her uterus
premature ventricular contraction - irregularity of cardiac rhythm; recurrent occurrences can be a precursor of ventricular fibrillation
premenstrual syndrome - a syndrome that occurs in many women from 2 to 14 days before the onset of menstruation
prepuce - a fold of skin covering the tip of the penis; a fold of skin covering the tip of the clitoris
presbyopia - farsightedness resulting from a reduced ability to focus caused by loss of elasticity of the crystalline lens with age
pressure sore - a chronic ulcer of the skin caused by prolonged pressure on it (as in bedridden patients)
prevention - the act of preventing
preventive medicine - the branch of medicine concerned with preventing disease
priapism - condition in which the penis is continually erect; usually painful and seldom with sexual arousal
prion - (microbiology) an infectious protein particle similar to a virus but lacking nucleic acid; thought to be the agent responsible for scrapie and other degenerative diseases of the nervous system
proctitis - inflammation of the rectum; marked by bloody stools and a frequent urge to defecate; frequently associated with Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis
prodrome - an early symptom that a disease is developing or that an attack is about to occur
progeria - a rare abnormality marked by premature aging (grey hair and wrinkled skin and stooped posture) in a child
progesterone - a steroid hormone (trade name Lipo-Lutin) produced in the ovary; prepares and maintains the uterus for pregnancy
prolactin - gonadotropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary; in females it stimulates growth of the mammary glands and lactation after parturition
proprioception - the ability to sense the position and location and orientation and movement of the body and its parts
prostate cancer - cancer of the prostate gland
prostate gland - a firm partly muscular chestnut sized gland in males at the neck of the urethra; produces a viscid secretion that is the fluid part of semen
prostate specific antigen - a protein manufactured exclusively by the prostate gland; PSA is produced for the ejaculate where it liquifies the semen and allows sperm cells to swim freely; elevated levels of PSA in blood serum are associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer
prostatectomy - surgical removal of part or all of the prostate gland
prostatitis - inflammation of the prostate gland characterized by perineal pain and irregular urination and (if severe) chills and fever
protection - payment extorted by gangsters on threat of violence; the activity of protecting someone or something; the imposition of duties or quotas on imports in order to protect domestic industry against foreign competition; the condition of being protected; kindly endorsement and guidance; a covering that is intend to protect from damage or injury; defense against financial failure; financial independence
protein - any of a large group of nitrogenous organic compounds that are essential constituents of living cells; consist of polymers of amino acids; essential in the diet of animals for growth and for repair of tissues; can be obtained from meat and eggs and milk and legumes
proteinuria - the presence of excessive protein (chiefly albumin but also globulin) in the urine; usually a symptom of kidney disorder
protozoa - in some classifications considered a superphylum or a subkingdom; comprises flagellates; ciliates; sporozoans; amoebas; foraminifers
prurigo - chronic inflammatory disease of the skin characterized by blister capped papules and intense itching
pruritus - an intense itching sensation that can have various causes (as by allergies or infection or lymphoma or jaundice etc.)
psoriasis - a chronic skin disease characterized by dry red patches covered with scales; occurs especially on the scalp and ears and genitalia and the skin over bony prominences
psychosis - any severe mental disorder in which contact with reality is lost or highly distorted
psychotherapy - the treatment of mental or emotional problems by psychological means; the branch of psychiatry concerned with psychological methods
pterygium - either of two thickened triangular layers of conjunctiva extending from the nasal edge of the eye to the cornea; it arises from irritation of the pinguecula
ptosis - drooping of the upper eyelid caused by muscle paralysis and weakness
puberty - the time of life when sex glands become functional
puerperal fever - serious form of septicemia contracted by a woman during childbirth or abortion (usually attributable to unsanitary conditions); formerly widespread but now uncommon
pulmonary embolism - blockage of the pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by a blood clot
pulp - the soft inner part of a tooth; an inexpensive magazine printed on poor quality paper; any soft or soggy mass; a soft moist part of a fruit; a mixture of cellulose fibers; verb reduce to pulp; remove the pulp from, as from a fruit
purpura - any of several blood diseases causing subcutaneous bleeding
pustule - a small inflamed elevation of skin containing pus; a blister filled with pus
quality of life - your personal satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with the cultural or intellectual conditions under which you live (as distinct from material comfort)
rabies - an acute viral disease of the nervous system of warm-blooded animals (usually transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal); rabies is fatal if the virus reaches the brain
radiation therapy - (medicine) the treatment of disease (especially cancer) by exposure to a radioactive substance
radioisotope - a radioactive isotope of an element; produced either naturally or artificially
rash - imprudently incurring risk; marked by defiant disregard for danger or consequences; a series of unexpected and unpleasant occurrences; any red eruption of the skin
rebound tenderness - pain felt when a hand pressing on the abdomen is suddenly released; a symptom of peritoneal inflammation
receptor - a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response; an organ having nerve endings (in the skin or viscera or eye or ear or nose or mouth) that respond to stimulation
recombinant DNA - genetically engineered DNA made by recombining fragments of DNA from different organisms
reconstructive surgery - surgery concerned with therapeutic or cosmetic reformation of tissue
rectocele - protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina; can occur if pelvic muscles are weakened by childbirth
rectum - the terminal section of the alimentary canal; from the sigmoid flexure to the anus
recurrence - happening again (especially at regular intervals)
reflex - without volition or conscious control; an automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus
regional anesthesia - loss of sensation in a region of the body produced by application of an anesthetic agent to all the nerves supplying that region (as when an epidural anesthetic is administered to the pelvic region during childbirth)
relaxin - hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during the last days of pregnancy; relaxes the pelvic ligaments and prepares the uterus for labor
remission - (law) the act of remitting (especially the referral of a law case to another court); an abatement in intensity or degree (as in the manifestations of a disease); the act of absolving or remitting; formal redemption as proced by a priest in the sacrament of penance; a payment of money sent to a person in another place
renal corpuscle - the capsule that contains Bowman's capsule and a glomerulus at the expanded end of a nephron
renal cortex - the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubules
renal failure - inability of the kidneys to excrete wastes and to help maintain the electrolyte balance
renal pelvis - a structure shaped like a funnel in the outlet of the kidney into which urine is discharged before passing into the ureter
renin - a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the kidneys; catalyzes the formation of angiotensin and thus affects blood pressure
replacement - the act of furnishing an equivalent person or thing in the place of another; a person or thing that takes or can take the place of another; an event in which one thing is substituted for another; a person who follows next in order; someone who takes the place of another person; filling again by supplying what has been used up
reproductive system - organs and tissues involved in the production and maturation of gametes and in their union and subsequent development as offspring
response - a phrase recited or sung by the congregation following a versicle by the priest or minister; a result; a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some foregoing stimulus or agent; the manner in which something is greeted; a statement (either spoken or written) that is made in reply to a question or request or criticism or accusation; the speech act of continuing a conversational exchange
restless legs syndrome - feeling of uneasiness and restlessness in the legs after going to bed (sometimes causing insomnia); may be relieved temporarily by walking or moving the legs
resuscitation - the act of reviving a person and returning them to consciousness
reticulocyte - an immature red blood cell containing a network of filaments or granules
retina - the light-sensitive membrane covering the back wall of the eyeball; it is continuous with the optic nerve
retinal detachment - visual impairment resulting from the retina becoming separated from the choroid in the back of the eye; treated by photocoagulation
retinoblastoma - malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells; usually occurs before the third year of life; composed of primitive small round retinal cells
retrovirus - any of a group of viruses that contain two single-strand linear RNA molecules per virion and reverse transcriptase (RNA to DNA)
reverse transcriptase - a polymerase that catalyzes the formation of DNA using RNA as a template; found especially in retroviruses
rhabdomyoma - benign rumor of striated muscle
rheumatic heart disease - heart disease caused by recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever; characterized by changes in the myocardium or scarring of the heart valves that reduce the power of the heart to pump blood
rheumatoid arthritis - a chronic autoimmune disease with inflammation of the joints and marked deformities; something (possibly a virus) triggers an attack on the synovium by the immune system, which releases cytokines that stimulate an inflammatory reaction that can lead to the destruction of all components of the joint
rhinoplasty - cosmetic surgery to improve the appearance of your nose
rhinorrhea - persistent watery mucus discharge from the nose (as in the common cold)
rhizotomy - surgical procedure in which spinal nerve roots are cut; done (anterior roots) to relieve intractable pain or (posterior roots) to stop severe muscle spasms
rhytidoplasty - plastic surgery to remove wrinkles and other signs of aging from your face; an incision is made near the hair line and skin is pulled back and excess tissue is excised
ribonucleic acid - (biochemistry) a long linear polymer of nucleotides found in the nucleus but mainly in the cytoplasm of a cell where it is associated with microsomes; it transmits genetic information from DNA to the cytoplasm and controls certain chemical processes in the cell
rickets - childhood disease caused by deficiency of vitamin D and sunlight associated with impaired metabolism of calcium and phosphorus
right atrium - the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
ringworm - infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches
rosacea - a skin disease of adults (more often women) in which blood vessels of the face enlarge resulting in a flushed appearance
rubella - a contagious viral disease that is a milder form of measles lasting three or four days; can be damaging to a fetus during the first trimester
rubeola - an acute and highly contagious viral disease marked by distinct red spots followed by a rash; occurs primarily in children
salicylic acid - a white crystalline substance with a bitter aftertaste; used as a fungicide or in making aspirin or dyes or perfumes
saliva - a clear liquid secreted into the mouth by the salivary glands and mucous glands of the mouth; moistens the mouth and starts the digestion of starches
salmonellosis - a kind of food poisoning caused by eating foods contaminated with Salmonella typhimurium
sarcoidosis - a chronic disease of unknown cause marked by the formation of nodules in the lungs and liver and lymph glands and salivary glands
sarcoma - a usually malignant tumor arising from connective tissue (bone or muscle etc.); one of the four major types of cancer
satiety - the state of being satisfactorily full and unable to take on more
saw palmetto - small hardy clump-forming spiny palm of southern United States
scabies - a contagious skin infection caused by the itch mite; characterized by persistent itching and skin irritation
scalp - the skin that covers the top of the head; verb remove the scalp of; sell illegally, as on the black market
scan - the act of scanning; systematic examination of a prescribed region; an image produced by scanning; verb read metrically; make a wide, sweeping search of; move a light beam over; in electronics, to reproduce an image; examine hastily; examine minutely or intensely; conform to a metrical pattern; obtain data from magnetic tapes
scar tissue - the connective tissue that forms a scar; consists of fibroblasts in new scars and collagen fibers in old scars
scar - a mark left (usually on the skin) by the healing of injured tissue; an indication of damage; verb mark with a scar
scarlet fever - an acute communicable disease (usually in children) characterized by fever and a red rash
schizophrenia - any of several psychotic disorders characterized by distortions of reality and disturbances of thought and language and withdrawal from social contact
sciatica - neuralgia along the sciatic nerve
sclera - whitish fibrous membrane (albuginea) that with the cornea forms the outer covering of the eyeball
scleritis - inflammation of the sclera
sclerosis - any pathological hardening or thickening of tissue
scoliosis - an abnormal lateral curve to the vertebral column
scotoma - an isolated area of diminished vision within the visual field
scrotum - the external pouch that contains the testes
scurvy - of the most contemptible kind; a condition caused by deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
seborrheic dermatitis - a chronic skin disease associated with seborrhea and greasy scales on the scalp or eyelids or other parts of the skin
seborrheic keratosis - a skin condition characterized by circumscribed wartlike lesions that can be itchy and covered with a greasy crust
sebum - the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands; with perspiration it moistens and protects the skin
sedation - the administration of a sedative agent or drug; a state of reduced excitement or anxiety that is induced by the administrative of a sedative agent
selenium - a toxic nonmetallic element related to sulfur and tellurium; occurs in several allotropic forms; a stable grey metallike allotrope conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark and is used in photocells; occurs in sulfide ores (as pyrite)
semen - the thick white fluid containing spermatozoa that is ejaculated by the male genital tract
seminoma - malignant tumor of the testis; usually occurring in older men
senescence - the property characteristic of old age; the organic process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age
sensorineural hearing loss - hearing loss due to failure of the auditory nerve
septal defect - a congenital abnormality in the septum between the left and right sides of the heart
septicemia - invasion of the bloodstream by virulent microorganisms from a focus of infection
serotonin - a neurotransmitter involved in e.g. sleep and depression and memory
severe acute respiratory syndrome - a respiratory disease of unknown etiology that apparently originated in mainland China in 2003; characterized by fever and coughing or difficulty breathing or hypoxia; can be fatal
severe combined immunodeficiency - a congenital disease affecting T cells that can result from a mutation in any one of several different genes; children with it are susceptible to infectious disease; if untreated it is lethal within the first year or two of life
sex chromosome - (genetics) a chromosome that determines the sex of an individual
sexual abuse - a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat
sexual assault - a statutory offense that provides that it is a crime to knowingly cause another person to engage in an unwanted sexual act by force or threat
sexual intercourse - the act of sexual procreation between a man and a woman; the man's penis is inserted into the woman's vagina and excited until orgasm and ejaculation occur
sexual - having or involving sex; of or relating to or characterized by sexuality; involved in a sexual relationship
sexuality - the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
sexually transmitted disease - a communicable infection transmitted by sexual intercourse or genital contact
shigellosis - an acute infection of the intestine by shigella bacteria; characterized by diarrhea and fever and abdominal pains
shin splints - painful inflammation of the muscles around the shins; frequent among runners
shingles - eruptions along a nerve path often accompanied by severe neuralgia
shoulder - narrow edge of land (usually unpaved) along the side of a road; the part of the body between the neck and the upper arm; a ball-and-socket joint between the head of the humerus and a cavity of the scapula; a cut of beef from the shoulder of the animal; verb push with the shoulders; carry a burden, either real or metaphoric; lift onto one's shoulders
sialadenitis - inflammation of the salivary glands
side effect - any adverse and unwanted secondary effect; a secondary and usually adverse effect of a drug or therapy
sigmoid colon - the s-shaped curve between the descending colon and the rectum
sign-language - used of the language of the deaf
sildenafil - virility drug (trade name Viagra) used to treat erectile dysfunction in men
silicosis - a lung disease caused by inhaling particles of silica or quartz or slate
sinus headache - a headache resulting from congestion or infection in the paranasal sinuses
sinusitis - inflammation of one of the paranasal sinuses
sitz bath - a bathtub in which your buttocks and hips are immersed as if you were sitting in a chair and you bathe in a sitting position
skeletal muscle - a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by transverse stripes
skeleton - the internal supporting structure that gives an artifact its shape; a scandal that is kept secret; something reduced to its minimal form; the hard structure (bones and cartilages) that provides a frame for the body of an animal
skin cancer - a malignant neoplasm of the skin
skin test - any test to determine immunity or sensitivity to a disease by introducing small amounts on or into the skin
sleep apnea - apnea that occurs during sleep
small intestine - the longest part of the alimentary canal; where digestion is completed
smallpox - a highly contagious viral disease characterized by fever and weakness and skin eruption with pustules that form scabs that slough off leaving scars
smoking - emitting smoke in great volume; the act of smoking tobacco or other substances; a hot vapor containing fine particles of carbon being produced by combustion
smooth muscle - muscle tissue that does not appear striated under the microscope; has the form of thin layers or sheets; a muscle that contracts without conscious control and found in walls of internal organs such as stomach and intestine and bladder and blood vessels (excluding the heart)
sneeze - a symptom consisting of the involuntary expulsion of air from the nose; verb exhale spasmodically, as when an irritant entered one's nose
snuff - snuff colored; of a greyish to yellowish brown; finely powdered tobacco for sniffing up the nose; a pinch of smokeless tobacco inhaled at a single time; the charred portion of a candlewick; sensing an odor by inhaling through the nose; verb inhale audibly through the nose; sniff or smell inquiringly
sobriety - abstaining from excess; moderation in or abstinence from alcohol or other drugs; a manner that is serious and solemn; the state of being sober and not intoxicated by alcohol
sodium - a silvery soft waxy metallic element of the alkali metal group; occurs abundantly in natural compounds (especially in salt water); burns with a yellow flame and reacts violently in water; occurs in sea water and in the mineral halite (rock salt)
somatic cell - any of the cells of a plant or animal except the reproductive cells; a cell that does not participate in the production of gametes
sore throat - inflammation of the fauces and pharynx
soy - most highly proteinaceous vegetable crop known; erect bushy hairy annual herb having trifoliate leaves and purple to pink flowers; extensively cultivated for food and forage and soil improvement but especially for its nutritious oil-rich seeds; native to Asia; a source of oil; used for forage and soil improvement and as food; thin sauce made of fermented soy beans
spasm - (pathology) sudden constriction of a hollow organ (as a blood vessel); a painful and involuntary muscular contraction
sperm - the male reproductive cell; the male gamete
spermatic cord - a structure resembling a cord that suspends the testis within the scrotum and contains the vas deferens and other vessels and nerves
spermatocele - a swelling on the epididymis or the testis; usually contains spermatozoa
spermatogenesis - development of spermatozoa
spermatozoon - the male reproductive cell; the male gamete
spina bifida - a not uncommon congenital defect in which a vertebra is malformed; unless several vertebrae are affected or there is myelomeningocele there are few symptoms; can be diagnosed by amniocentesis
spinal cord - a major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; a long tubelike structure extending from the base of the brain through the vertebral canal to the upper lumbar region
spinal tap - removal by centesis of fluid from the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region of the spinal cord for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
spine - a sharp rigid animal process or appendage; as a porcupine quill or a ridge on a bone or a ray of a fish fin; the part of a book's cover that encloses the inner side of the book's pages and that faces outward when the book is shelved; a small sharp-pointed tip resembling a spike on a stem or leaf; the series of vertebrae forming the axis of the skeleton and protecting the spinal cord; any sharply pointed projection
spleen - a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm; produces cells involved in immune responses; a feeling of resentful anger
splenectomy - surgical removal of the spleen
splenomegaly - an abnormal enlargement of the spleen
spongy - like a sponge in being able to absorb liquids and yield it back when compressed; easily squashed; resembling a sponge in having soft porous texture and compressibility
spontaneous abortion - a natural loss of the products of conception
sputum - expectorated matter; saliva mixed with discharges from the respiratory passages; in ancient and medieval physiology it was believed to cause sluggishness
squamous cell carcinoma - the most common form of skin cancer
squamous cell - an epithelial cell that is flat like a plate and form a single layer of epithelial tissue
starvation - the act of depriving of food or subjecting to famine; a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period
steatorrhea - the presence of greater than normal amounts of fat in the feces which are frothy and foul smelling and floating; a symptom of disorders of fat metabolism and malabsorption syndrome
stem cell - an undifferentiated cell whose daughter cells may differentiate into other cell types (such as blood cells)
stenosis - abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway
stent - a slender tube inserted inside a tubular body part (as a blood vessel) to provide support during and after surgical anastomosis
sterility - the state of being unable to produce offspring; in a woman it is an inability to conceive; in a man it is an inability to impregnate; (of non-living objects) the state of being free of pathogenic organisms
sternum - the flat bone that articulates with the clavicles and the first seven pairs of ribs
steroid - any of several fat-soluble organic compounds having as a basis 17 carbon atoms in four rings; many have important physiological effects; any hormone affecting the development and growth of sex organs
stethoscope - a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body
stillbirth - a natural loss of the products of conception
stimulation - the act of arousing an organism to action; any stimulating information or event; acts to arouse action; (physiology) the effect of a stimulus (on nerves or organs etc.); mutual sexual fondling prior to sexual intercourse
stinger - a sharp stinging blow; a sharp organ of offense or defense (as of a wasp or stingray or scorpion) often connected with a poison gland; a portable low altitude surface-to-air missile system using infrared guidance and an impact fuse; fired from the shoulder; a remark capable of wounding mentally; a cocktail made of made of creme de menthe and brandy
stoma - a mouth or mouthlike opening (especially one created by surgery on the surface of the body to create an opening to an internal organ); a minute epidermal pore in a leaf or stem through which gases and water vapor can pass
stomach - an enlarged and muscular saclike organ of the alimentary canal; the principal organ of digestion; an appetite for food; an inclination or liking for things involving conflict or difficulty or unpleasantness; the region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis; verb bear to eat; put up with something or somebody unpleasant
strabismus - abnormal alignment of one or both eyes
strep throat - an infection of the oral pharynx and tonsils by streptococcus
streptokinase - an enzyme produced by some strains of streptococcus that can liquefy blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin; used medicinally in some cases of myocardial infarction and pulmonary embolism
streptomycin - an antibiotic produced by the actinomycete Streptomyces griseus and used to treat tuberculosis
stress fracture - fracture resulting from excessive activity rather than a specific injury
stress incontinence - urinary incontinence that occurs when involuntary pressure is put on the bladder by coughing or laughing or sneezing or lifting or straining
stress test - a test measuring how a system functions when subjected to controlled amounts of stress
striated muscle - a muscle that is connected at either or both ends to a bone and so move parts of the skeleton; a muscle that is characterized by transverse stripes
stupor - marginal consciousness; the feeling of distress and disbelief that you have when something bad happens accidentally
subcutaneous injection - an injection under the skin
sublingual - beneath the tongue
substance abuse - excessive use of drugs
substantia nigra - a layer of deeply pigmented grey matter in the midbrain; associated with the striate body; is involved in metabolic disturbances associated with Parkinson's disease and with Huntington's disease
sudden infant death syndrome - sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep
sunburn - redness of the skin caused by exposure to the rays of the sun; a browning of the skin resulting from exposure to the rays of the sun; verb get a sunburn by overexposure to the sun
sunlight - the rays of the sun
superior vena cava - receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins
surgery - a room where a doctor or dentist can be consulted; the branch of medical science that treats disease or injury by operative procedures; a medical procedure involving an incision with instruments; performed to repair damage or arrest disease in a living body; a room in a hospital equipped for the performance of surgical operations
sweating - being wet with perspiration; the process of the sweat glands of the skin secreting a salty fluid
sympathetic nervous system - originates in the thoracic regions of the spinal cord; opposes physiological effects of the parasympathetic: reduces digestive secretions; speeds the heart; contracts blood vessels
syncope - (phonology) the loss of sounds in the interior of a word (as in `fo'c'sle' for `forecastle'); a spontaneous loss of consciousness caused by insufficient blood to the brain
syndactyly - birth defect in which there is partial or total webbing connecting two or more fingers or toes
syndrome - a complex of concurrent things; a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
synovial membrane - a thin membrane in synovial (freely moving) joints that lines the joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovitis - inflammation of the synovial membrane that lines a synovial joint; results in pain and swelling
syphilis - a common venereal disease caused by the treponema pallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta)
systemic lupus erythematosus - an inflammatory disease of connective tissue with variable features including fever and weakness and fatigability and joint pains and skin lesions on the face or neck or arms
systole - the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery
tachycardia - abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
tai chi - a Chinese system of slow meditative physical exercise designed for relaxation and balance and health
tamoxifen - an antagonist for estrogen that is used in the treatment of breast cancer
tamponade - blockage or closure (as of a wound or body cavity) by (or as if by) a tampon (especially to stop bleeding)
tardive dyskinesia - involuntary rolling of the tongue and twitching of the face or trunk or limbs; often occurs in patients with Parkinsonism who are treated with phenothiazine
tea - a light midafternoon meal of tea and sandwiches or cakes; dried leaves of the tea shrub; used to make tea; a beverage made by steeping tea leaves in water; a reception or party at which tea is served; a tropical evergreen shrub or small tree extensively cultivated in e.g. China and Japan and India; source of tea leaves
tear - the act of tearing; a drop of the clear salty saline solution secreted by the lacrimal glands; an occasion for excessive eating or drinking; an opening made forcibly as by pulling apart; verb fill with tears or shed tears; to separate or be separated by force; separate or cause to separate abruptly; move quickly and violently; strip of feathers
tears - the process of shedding tears (usually accompanied by sobs or other inarticulate sounds)
technology - the practical application of science to commerce or industry; the discipline dealing with the art or science of applying scientific knowledge to practical problems
teeth - the kind and number and arrangement of teeth (collectively) in a person or animal
telomere - either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome
temporal lobe - that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head
tendon - a cord or band of inelastic tissue connecting a muscle with its bony attachment
tendonitis - inflammation of a tendon
tension headache - a headache located at the back of the head; usually caused by body tension resulting from overwork or psychological stress
testicular cancer - malignant tumor of the testis; usually occurring in older men
testosterone - a potent androgenic hormone produced chiefly by the testes; responsible for the development of male secondary sex characteristics
tetracycline - an antibiotic (trade name Achromycin) derived from microorganisms of the genus Streptomyces and used broadly to treat infections
tetralogy of Fallot - a congenital heart defect producing cyanosis; characterized by four symptoms: pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect and malposition of the aorta over both ventricles and hypertrophy of the right ventricle
thalamus - large egg-shaped structures of grey matter that form the dorsal subdivision of the diencephalon
thalassemia - an inherited form of anemia caused by faulty synthesis of hemoglobin
therapy - (medicine) the act of caring for someone (as by medication or remedial training etc.)
thimerosal - a light-colored crystalline powder (trade name Merthiolate) used as a surgical antiseptic
thoracentesis - removal of fluid from the chest by centesis for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes
thoracic cavity - the cavity in the vertebrate body enclosed by the ribs between the diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
thoracic duct - the major duct of the lymphatic system
thoracotomy - surgical incision into the chest walls opening up the pleural cavity
throat - a passage resembling a throat in shape or function; an opening in the vamp of a shoe at the instep; the passage to the stomach and lungs; in the front part of the neck below the chin and above the collarbone
thrombocytopenia - a blood disease characterized by an abnormally small number of platelets in the blood
thrombolytic therapy - therapy consisting of the administration of a pharmacological agent to cause thrombolysis of an abnormal blood clot
thrombosis - the formation or presence of a thrombus (a clot of coagulated blood attached at the site of its formation) in a blood vessel
thrush - songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast; a woman who sings popular songs; candidiasis of the oral cavity; seen mostly in infants or debilitated adults
thymosin - hormone secreted by the thymus; stimulates immunological activity of lymphoid tissue
thymus - large genus of Old World mints: thyme; a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity; atrophies with age
thyroid gland - located near the base of the neck
thyroid hormone - any of several closely related compounds that are produced by the thyroid gland and are active metabolically
thyroidectomy - surgical removal of the thyroid gland
thyroiditis - inflammation of the thyroid gland
thyrotoxicosis - an overactive thyroid gland; pathologically excessive production of thyroid hormones or the condition resulting from excessive production of thyroid hormones
thyroxine - hormone produced by the thyroid glands to regulate metabolism by controlling the rate of oxidation in cells
tibia - the inner and thicker of the two bones of the human leg between the knee and ankle
tic - a local and habitual twitching especially in the face
tinea - type genus of the Tineidae: clothes moths; infections of the skin or nails caused by fungi and appearing as itching circular patches
tinnitus - a ringing or booming sensation in one or both ears; a symptom of an ear infection or Meniere's disease
tissue - part of an organism consisting of an aggregate of cells having a similar structure and function; a soft thin (usually translucent) paper; verb create a piece of cloth by interlacing strands of fabric, such as wool or cotton
tobacco - leaves of the tobacco plant dried and prepared for smoking or ingestion; aromatic annual or perennial herbs and shrubs
tolerance - the act of tolerating something; the power or capacity of an organism to tolerate unfavorable environmental conditions; willingness to recognize and respect the beliefs or practices of others; a disposition to allow freedom of choice and behavior; a permissible difference; allowing some freedom to move within limits
tonsillitis - inflammation of the tonsils (especially the palatine tonsils)
toothache - an ache localized in or around a tooth
torticollis - an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted
toxic shock syndrome - syndrome resulting from a serious acute (sometimes fatal) infection associated with the presence of staphylococcus; characterized by fever and diarrhea and nausea and diffuse erythema and shock; occurs especially in menstruating women using highly absorbent tampons
toxoplasmosis - infection caused by parasites transmitted to humans from infected cats; if contracted by a pregnant woman it can result in serious damage to the fetus
trachea - membranous tube with cartilaginous rings that conveys inhaled air from the larynx to the bronchi; one of the tubules forming the respiratory system of most insects and many arachnids
tracheostomy - a surgical operation that creates an opening into the trachea with a tube inserted to provide a passage for air; performed when the pharynx is obstructed by edema or cancer or other causes
training - activity leading to skilled behavior; the result of good upbringing (especially knowledge of correct social behavior)
transdermal patch - a medicated adhesive pad placed on the skin for absorption of a time released dose of medication into the bloodstream
transient ischemic attack - brief episode in which the brain gets insufficient blood supply; symptoms depend on the site of the blockage
transition - a passage that connects a topic to one that follows; a musical passage moving from one key to another; a change from one place or state or subject or stage to another; the act of passing from one state or place to the next; an event that results in a transformation; verb make or undergo a transition (from one state or system to another); cause to convert or undergo a transition
translocation - (genetics) an exchange of chromosome parts; the transport of dissolved material within a plant
transplantation - the act of removing something from one location and introducing it in another location; an operation moving an organ from one organism (the donor) to another (the recipient)
triage - sorting and allocating aid on the basis of need for or likely benefit from medical treatment or food
trichomoniasis - infection of the vagina
trichotillomania - an irresistible urge to pull out your own hair
trigeminal nerve - the main sensory nerve of the face and motor nerve for the muscles of mastication
triiodothyronine - thyroid hormone similar to thyroxine but with one less iodine atom per molecule and produced in smaller quantity; exerts the same biological effects as thyroxine but is more potent and briefer
trisomy - chrosomal abnormality in which there is one more than the normal number of chromosomes in a cell
trochlear nerve - either of the two cranial nerves on either side that control the superior oblique muscles of the eyes
trophozoite - a sporozoan in the active feeding stage of its life cycle
tubal ligation - a sterilization procedure with women; both Fallopian tubes are tied in two places and the tubes removed in between the ligations
tuberculosis - infection transmitted by inhalation or ingestion of tubercle bacilli and manifested in fever and small lesions (usually in the lungs but in various other parts of the body in acute stages)
tubule - a small tube
tumor - an abnormal new mass of tissue that serves no purpose
tympanic membrane - the membrane in the ear that vibrates to sound
tympanoplasty - surgical correction or repair of defects or injuries in the eardrum or the bones of the middle ear
type b - the blood group whose red cells carry the B antigen
typhoid fever - serious infection marked by intestinal inflammation and ulceration; caused by Salmonella typhosa ingested with food or water
typhoid - serious infection marked by intestinal inflammation and ulceration; caused by Salmonella typhosa ingested with food or water
tyrosine - an amino acid found in most proteins; a precursor of several hormones
ultraviolet light - radiation lying in the ultraviolet range; wave lengths shorter than light but longer than X rays
umbilical cord - membranous duct connecting the fetus with the placenta
unconsciousness - a state lacking normal awareness of the self or environment
unpasteurized - not having undergone pasteurization
upper respiratory tract - the nose and throat and trachea
uremia - accumulation in the blood of nitrogenous waste products (urea) that are usually excreted in the urine
ureter - either of a pair of thick-walled tubes that carry urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
urethra - duct through which urine is discharged in most mammals and which serves as the male genital duct
urethritis - inflammation of the urethra; results in painful urination
urinary incontinence - inability to control the flow of urine and involuntary urination
urinary retention - holding urine in the urinary bladder
urinary system - the system that includes all organs involved in reproduction and in the formation and voidance of urine
urinary tract infection - any infection of any of the organs of the urinary tract
urination - the discharge of urine
urine - liquid excretory product
urticaria - an itchy skin eruption characterized by weals with pale interiors and well-defined red margins; usually the result of an allergic response to insect bites or food or drugs
uterus - a hollow muscular organ in the pelvic cavity of females; contains the developing fetus
uveitis - inflammation of the uvea of the eye
uvula - a small pendant fleshy lobe at the back of the soft palate
vaccination - the scar left following inoculation with a vaccine; taking a vaccine as a precaution against contracting a disease
vaccine - immunogen consisting of a suspension of weakened or dead pathogenic cells injected in order to stimulate the production of antibodies
vagina - the lower part of the female reproductive tract; a moist canal in female mammals extending from the labia minora to the uterus
vaginal birth - the parturition process in human beings; having a baby; the process of giving birth to a child
vaginitis - inflammation of the vagina (usually associated with candidiasis)
vagus nerve - a mixed nerve that supplies the pharynx and larynx and lungs and heart and esophagus and stomach and most of the abdominal viscera
valerian - a plant of the genus Valeriana having lobed or dissected leaves and cymose white or ink flowers
valley fever - an infection of the lungs and skin characterized by excessive sputum and nodules
valproic acid - anticonvulsant (trade name Depokene) used to prevent some kinds of seizures
valvular heart disease - heart disease caused by stenosis of the cardiac valves and obstructed blood flow or caused by degeneration and blood regurgitation
varicocele - dilatation of the veins associated with the spermatic cord in the testes
vas deferens - a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
vasculitis - inflammation of a blood vessel
vasectomy - surgical procedure that removes all or part of the vas deferens (usually as a means of sterilization); is sometimes reversible
vein - one of the horny ribs that stiffen and support the wing of an insect; a blood vessel that carries blood from the capillaries toward the heart; a distinctive style or manner; a layer of ore between layers of rock; any of the vascular bundles or ribs that form the branching framework of conducting and supporting tissues in a leaf or other plant organ; verb make a veinlike pattern
vena cava - either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart
venogram - an X ray of a vein injected with a radiopaque contrast medium
ventricular fibrillation - fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest
vermiform appendix - a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch
vertigo - a reeling sensation; a feeling that you are about to fall
very low density lipoprotein - large lipoproteins rich in triglycerides; VLDLs circulate through the blood giving up their triglycerides to fat and muscle tissue until the VLDL remnants are modified and converted into LDL
vesicle - a small anatomically normal sac or bladderlike structure (especially one containing fluid)
vesicoureteral reflux - a backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter
vestibulocochlear nerve - a composite sensory nerve supplying the hair cells of the vestibular organ and the hair cells of the cochlea
violence - an act of aggression (as one against a person who resists); a turbulent state resulting in injuries and destruction etc.; the property of being wild or turbulent
viral infection - infection by a virus that is pathogenic to humans
virion - (virology) a complete viral particle; nucleic acid and capsid (and a lipid envelope in some viruses)
virus - (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein; a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; a harmful or corrupting agency
visual acuity - sharpness of vision; the visual ability to resolve fine detail (usually measured by a Snellen chart)
visual field - all of the points of the physical environment that can be perceived by a stable eye at a given moment
visualization - a mental image that is similar to a visual perception
vitamin A - any of several fat-soluble vitamins essential for normal vision; prevents night blindness or inflammation or dryness of the eyes
vitamin B complex - originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins
vitamin B - originally thought to be a single vitamin but now separated into several B vitamins
vitamin C - a vitamin found in fresh fruits (especially citrus fruits) and vegetables; prevents scurvy
vitamin D - a fat-soluble vitamin that prevents rickets
vitamin E - a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for normal reproduction; an important antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals in the body
vitamin K - a fat-soluble vitamin that helps in the clotting of blood
vitiligo - an acquired skin disease characterized by patches of unpigmented skin (often surrounded by a heavily pigmented border)
vitreous humor - the clear colorless transparent jelly that fills the posterior chamber of the eyeball
vomiting - the reflex act of ejecting the contents of the stomach through the mouth
von Willebrand's disease - a form of hemophilia discovered by Erik von Willebrand; a genetic disorder that is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; characterized by a deficiency of the coagulation factor and by mucosal bleeding
vulva - external parts of the female genitalia
warfarin - an anticoagulant (trade name Coumadin) use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus
wart - (pathology) a firm abnormal elevated blemish on the skin; caused by a virus; any small rounded protuberance (as on certain plants or animals)
weekend warrior - a reservist who fulfills the military obligation on weekends; a homeowner who acts as a contractor and tries to do major improvement projects on weekends (often without understanding the scope of the work to be done)
wheal - a raised mark on the skin (as produced by the blow of a whip); characteristic of many allergic reactions
white matter - whitish nervous tissue of the CNS consisting of neurons and their myelin sheaths
whitlow - a purulent infection at the end of a finger or toe in the area surrounding the nail
whooping cough - a disease of the respiratory mucous membrane
wryneck - Old World woodpecker with a peculiar habit of twisting the neck; an unnatural condition in which the head leans to one side because the neck muscles on that side are contracted
xanthelasma - xanthoma of the eyelids; occurs chiefly in the elderly
xanthoma - a skin problem marked by the development (on the eyelids and neck and back) of irregular yellow nodules; sometimes attributable to disturbances of cholesterol metabolism
yoga - a system of exercises practiced as part of the Hindu discipline to promote control of the body and mind; Hindu discipline aimed at training the consciousness for a state of perfect spiritual insight and tranquility that is achieved through the three paths of actions and knowledge and devotion
zeaxanthin - yellow carotenoid (isomeric with lutein and occurs widely with it) that is the main pigment in yellow Indian corn
zinc - a bluish-white lustrous metallic element; brittle at ordinary temperatures but malleable when heated; used in a wide variety of alloys and in galvanizing iron; it occurs as zinc sulphide in zinc blende; verb coat or cover with zinc
zygote - the cell resulting from the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon (including the organism that develops from that cell)

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